; lab8.items: Lab 8 test suite ; Language tested is "Modular Esperanto", a variety of Esperanto that prohibits ; split constituents and some attested orders of determiners, adjectives, and nouns ; in noun phrases. Sentences marked as ungrammatical that would be arguably ; grammatical in ordinary Esperanto are glossed "ME". ; Sentences are marked to show the expected number of parses, as follows: ; Each sentence is followed with "&" and then the same number of tokens of ; "+" as there are semantically distinct parses. If the grammar is known to be ; defective, this is followed with "\" and then the number of "+" tokens equal ; to the number of parses the grammar is actually expected to produce. frenezaj regxoj lernantojn timas&+ ;crazy-PL-NOM kings-NOM students-ACC fear-PRES ;'Crazy kings fear students.' freneza regxoj lernantojn timas& ;crazy-SG-NOM kings-NOM students-ACC fear-PRES regxoj frenezaj lernantojn timos&+ ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-NOM students-ACC fear-FUT ;'Crazy kings will fear students.' regxoj frenezajn lernantojn timus&+ ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-ACC students-ACC fear-COND ;'Kings would fear crazy students.' regxoj frenezan lernantojn timas& ;kings-NOM crazy-SG-ACC students-ACC fear-PRES ;'Crazy kings fear students.' regxoj frenezaj frenezajn lernantojn timu&+ ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-NOM crazy-PL-ACC students-ACC fear-IMP ;'Let crazy kings fear crazy students.' regxoj frenezajn frenezaj lernantojn timas& ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-ACC crazy-PL-ACC students-ACC fear-PRES ;'Crazy kings fear crazy students.' ;ME regxoj frenezanj lernantojn timas& ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-ACC students-ACC fear-PRES regxoj frenezajn lernantonj timas& ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-ACC student-ACC-PL fear-PRES regxoj frenezajn timas lernantojn& ;kings-NOM crazy-PL-ACC fear-PRES students-ACC ;'Kings fear crazy students.' ;ME frenezj regxoj lernantojn timis& ;crazy-0-PL-NOM kings-NOM students-ACC fear-PAST regxj frenezaj lernantojn timas& ;king-0-PL-NOM crazy-PL-NOM students-ACC fear-PRES timas tiajn regxojn niajn lernantoj cxiuj&+ ;fear-PRES such-PL-ACC kings-ACC our-PL-ACC students-NOM all-PL-NOM ;'All students fear such kings of ours.' timis tiajn regxojn niaj lernantoj cxiuj&++ ;fear-PAST such-PL-ACC kings-ACC our-PL-NOM students all-PL-NOM ;'All our students feared such kings.' ;'All students of ours feared such kings.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. timas la tiajn regxojn niaj lernantoj cxiuj&++ ;fear-PRES the such-PL-ACC kings-ACC our-PL-NOM students all-PL ;'All our students fear the kings of that kind.' ;'All students of ours fear the kings of that kind.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. timas tiajn la regxojn niaj lernantoj cxiuj& ;fear-PRES such-PL-ACC the kings-ACC our-PL-NOM students-NOM all-PL mi timas nian regxon la frenezan& ;I fear-PRES our-SG-ACC king-ACC the crazy-SG-ACC ;'I fear our crazy king.' ;ME lernantoj cxies hundojn mokas&+ ;students-NOM everybody's dogs-ACC ridicule-PRES ;'Students ridicule everybody's dogs.' lernantoj hundojn cxies mokas& ;students-NOM dogs-ACC everybody's ridicule-PRES lernantoj cxies flavajn hundojn kadukajn mokis&+ ;students-NOM everybody's yellow-PL-ACC dogs-ACC decrepit-PL-ACC ;ridicule-PAST ;'Students ridiculed everybody's decrepit yellow dogs.' la lernantoj tiujn junajn kadukajn flavajn hundojn mokis&++ ;the students-NOM those-ACC young-PL-ACC decrepit-PL-ACC ;yellow-PL-ACC dogs-ACC ridicule-PAST ;'The students ridiculed those yellow decrepit young dogs.' ;'The students ridiculed above-mentioned yellow decrepit young dogs.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. lernantoj flavajn cxies hundojn kadukajn mokas& ;students-NOM yellow-PL-ACC everybody's dogs-ACC decrepit-PL-ACC ;ridicule-PRES tiu lernanto igos min freneza& ;that-NOM student-NOM make-FUT me crazy-SG-NOM ;'That student is going to drive me crazy.' ;ME tiu lernanto igos min frenezaj& ;that student-NOM make-FUT me crazy-PL-NOM la regxo igu min hundo&++ ;the king-NOM make-IMP me dog-NOM ;'May the king turn me into a dog.' ;'May a dog make me the king.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. igos min hundo la regxo&++ ;make-FUT me dog-NOM the king-NOM ;'The king is going to turn me into a dog.' ;'A dog will make me the king.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. la regxo igos min hundon& ;the king-NOM make-FUT me dog-ACC la lernantoj miaj hundojn supozas regxoj&++ ;the students-NOM my-PL-NOM dogs-ACC assume-PRES kings-NOM ;'My students assume dogs are kings.' ;'Kings assume dogs are my students.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. la lernantoj miaj hundoj supozas regxoj& ;the students-NOM my-PL-NOM dogs-NOM assume-PRES kings-NOM ili kuiras&+ ;they cook-PRES ;'They are cooking.' ili kuir& ;they cook-0 ili kuiras hundojn&+ ;they cook-PRES dogs-ACC ;'They are cooking dogs.' mi supozas&+ ;I assume-PRES ;'I suppose.' mi gxin supozas&+ ;I it-ACC assume-PRES ;'I suppose so.' gxin supozas& ;it-ACC assume-PRES ni havas regxon&+ ;we have-PRES king-ACC ;'We have a king.' ni havas& ;we have-PRES ni havas regxo& ;we have-PRES king-NOM ni havas hundon regxo& ;we have-PRES dog-ACC king-NOM mi kuiras farunon pano& ;I cook-PRES flour-ACC bread-NOM mi igos farunon pano&++ ;I make-FUT flour-ACC bread-NOM ;'I'll turn flour into bread.' ;'Flour will turn me into bread.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. legas nepre junaj lernantoj&++\+ ;read-PRES definite-ADV young-PL-NOM students-NOM ;'Students that read are for sure the young ones.' ;'For sure it's young students that read. ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies minimal following constituent, ;so only first parse will exist. legas nepr junaj lernantoj& ;read-PRES definite-0 young-PL-NOM students-NOM nepre legas junaj lernantoj&+\++ ;definite-ADV read-PRES young-PL-NOM students-NOM ;'Young students definitely read.' ;Grammar doesn't prune semantically duplicate parses in which ;adverb modifies V and S with postverbal subject, so 2 parses ;will exist. nepre junaj lernantoj legas&+++\+ ;definite-ADV young-PL-NOM students-NOM read-PRES ;'Students that read are for sure the young ones.' ;'For sure it's young students that read. ;'It's absolutely true that young students read.' ;Ambiguous; 3 parses should exist. ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies minimal following constituent, ;so only first parse will exist. nepre la junaj lernantoj legas&++\ ;definite-ADV the young-PL-NOM students-NOM read-PRES ;'For sure it's the young students that read. ;'It's absolutely true that (the) young students read.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies minimal following constituent, ;and doesn't accept adverbial modification of non-event constituent, ;so only no parse will exist. junaj lernantoj ofte precize pafas&++++ ;young-PL-NOM students-NOM often precisely shoot-PRES ;'Young students' shooting is often precise.' ;'Young students often do precise shooting.' ;'Often, what young students do is precisely shooting.' ;'It's often precisely shooting that young students do.' ;Ambiguous; 4 parses should exist. legas junaj lernantoj nepre& ;read-PRES young-PL-NOM students-NOM definite-ADV legas junaj nepre lernantoj& ;read-PRES young-PL-NOM definite-ADV students-NOM nepre legas librojn junaj lernantoj&+\++ ;definite-ADV read-PRES books-ACC young-PL-NOM students-NOM ;'Young students definitely read books.' ;Grammar does not prune semantically redundant attachment of adverb ;to VP and S, so 2 parses will exist. vi kuiru&++ ;you-NOM cook-IMP ;'Cook (singular).' ;'Cook (plural).' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. kuiru&+ ;cook-IMP ;'Cook (number unspecified).' kuiri& ;cook-INF ili kuiri& ;they cook-INF kuiru panon&+ ;cook-IMP bread-ACC ;'Cook (number unspecified) bread.' panon kuiru&+ ;bread-ACC cook-IMP ;'Cook (number unspecified) bread.' ili mangxu panon&+ ;they eat-IMP bread-ACC ;'Let them eat bread.' ili panon mangxu&+ ;they bread-ACC eat-IMP ;'Let them eat bread.' mangxu ili panon&+ ;eat-IMP they bread-ACC ;'Let them eat bread.' mangxu panon ili&+ ;eat-IMP bread-ACC they ;'Let them eat bread.' panon ili mangxu&+ ;bread-ACC they eat-IMP ;'Let them eat bread.' panon mangxu ili&+ ;bread-ACC eat-IMP they ;'Let them eat bread.' kuir& ;cook-0 cxu ili kuiras&+ ;TF they cook-PRES ;'Are they cooking?' cxu kuiros ili&+ ;TF cook-FUT they ;'Are they going to cook?' ili cxu kuiras& ;they TF cook-PRES ili kuiras cxu& ;they cook-PRES TF cxu cxu ili kuiras& ;TF TF they cook-PRES mi esperas ke mi dormos&+ ;I hope-PRES that I sleep-FUT ;'I hope I'll sleep.' mi esperas ke ili mortu&+ ;I hope-PRES that they die-IMP ;'I hope they have to die.' zi postulis ke oni trovu la libron&+ ;he/she demand-PAST that one find-IMP the book-ACC-SG ;'He or she demanded that the book be found.' zi postulis ke oni trovis la libron& ;he/she demand-PAST that one find-PAST the book-ACC-SG mi esperas cxu mi dormos& ;I hope-PRES whether I sleep-FUT mi demandis cxu la hundo mortas&+ ;I ask-PAST whether the dog-NOM die-PRES ;'I asked whether the dog was dying.' mi demandis ke la hundo mortas& ;I ask-PAST that the dog-NOM die-PRES mi dormas ke mi esperos& ;I sleep-PRES that I hope-FUT ke mi dormos mi esperas&+ ;that I sleep-FUT I hope-PRES ;'I hope I'll sleep.' mi esperas ke dormos& ;I hope-PRES that sleep-FUT mi esperas ke mi dormi& ;I hope-PRES that I sleep-INF mi esperas mi dormos& ;I hope-PRES I sleep-FUT cxu mi esperas ke mi dormos&+ ;TF I hope-PRES that I sleep-FUT ;'Do I hope I'll sleep?' cxu mi esperas cxu mi dormos& ;TF I hope-PRES whether I sleep-FUT cxu mi demandis cxu la hundo mortas&+ ;TF I ask-PAST whether the dog-NOM die-PRES ;'Did I ask whether the dog was dying?' cxu mi demandis ke la hundo mortas& ;TF I ask-PAST that the dog-NOM die-PRES cxu mi dormas ke mi esperos& ;TF I sleep-PRES that I hope-FUT cxu ke mi dormos mi esperas&+ ;TF that I sleep-FUT I hope-PRES ;'Do I hope I'll sleep?' cxu mi esperas ke dormos& ;TF I hope-PRES that sleep-FUT cxu mi esperas mi dormos& ;TF I hope-PRES I sleep-FUT mi dubis mi dormos& ;I doubt-PAST I sleep-FUT mi dubis cxu mi dormos&+ ;I doubt-PAST TF I sleep-FUT ;'I doubted whether I'd sleep.' mi dubis ke mi dormos&+ ;I doubt-PAST that I sleep-FUT ;'I doubted that I'd sleep.' cxu mi dubis mi dormos& ;TF I doubt-PAST I sleep-FUT cxu mi dormos mi dubis&+ ;TF I sleep-FUT I doubt-PAST ;'I doubted whether I'd sleep.' cxu cxu mi dormas vi demandis&++ ;TF TF I sleep-PRES you-NOM ask-to-know-PAST ;'Is it whether I was sleeping that you (singular) asked?' ;'Is it whether I was sleeping that y'all asked?' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. mi dubas ke mi dubas ke mi dubas&+ ;I doubt-PRES that I doubt-PRES that I doubt-PRES ;'I doubt that I doubt that I doubt.' mi dubas cxu mi dubas ke mi dubas&+ ;I doubt-PRES whether I doubt-PRES that I doubt-PRES ;'I doubt whether I doubt that I doubt.' dubas cxu dubas ke dubas mi mi mi&+ ;doubt-PRES whether doubt-PRES that doubt-PRES I I I ;'I doubt whether I doubt that I doubt.' mi ke mi ke mi dubas dubas dubas&+ ;I that I that I doubt-PRES doubt-PRES doubt-PRES ;'I doubt that I doubt that I doubt.' ke mi dormos& ;that I sleep-FUT mi esperas ke& ;I hope-PRES that mi cxiam esperas ke mi dormos&+ ;I always hope-PRES that I sleep-FUT ;'I always hope that I'll sleep.' mi esperas nur ke mi dormos&+ ;I hope-PRES only that I sleep-FUT ;'I hope only that I'll sleep.' mi esperas ke nur mi dormos&++\ ;I hope-PRES that only I sleep-FUT ;'I hope that only I shall sleep'. ;'I hope that the only thing that happens is that I'll sleep.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies immediately following minimal ;constituent and requires it to be an event constituent, so no parse will exist. mi esperas ke mi nur dormos&+ ;I hope-PRES that I only sleep-FUT ;'I hope that I'll only sleep.' mi esperas ke mi dormos nur& ;I hope-PRES that I sleep-FUT only la hundoj esperas mangxi katojn&+\ ;the dogs-NOM hope-PRES eat-INF cats-ACC ;'The dogs hope to eat cats.' ;Grammatical; exhibits subject control verb, not yet in grammar. mi ne decidis cxu mangxi la katon&+\ ;I not decide-PAST TF eat-INF the cat-ACC ;'I haven't decided whether to eat the cat.' ;Grammatical; exhibits subject control verb, not yet in grammar. la hundoj povas mangxi katojn&+ ;the dogs-NOM can-PRES eat-INF cats-ACC ;'(The) dogs can eat cats.' hundoj katojn povas mangxi&+\ ;dogs-NOM cats-ACC can-PRES eat-INF ;'Dogs can eat cats.' ;Grammatical; exhibits split argument of verb, not yet in grammar. katon nigran povas mangxi nur hundo freneza&+\ ;cat-SG-ACC black-SG-ACC can-PRES eat-INF only dog-SG-NOM crazy-SG-NOM ;'Only a crazy dog can eat a black cat.' ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies immediately following minimal ;constituent and requires it to be event constituent, so no parse will exist. la hundoj povas mangxus katojn& ;the dogs-NOM can-PRES eat-COND cats-ACC la hundoj povas ke dormus& ;the dogs-NOM can-PRES that sleep-COND hundoj dormi povas&+ ;dogs-NOM sleep-INF can-PRES ;'Dogs can sleep.' dormi povas hundoj&+ ;sleep-INF can-PRES dogs-NOM ;'Dogs can sleep.' povas hundoj dormi&+ ;can-PRES dogs-NOM sleep-INF ;'Dogs can sleep.' tion mi ne supozas&+ ;that-ACC I not assume-PRES ;'I don't suppose so.' ne mi supozas tion&+\ ;not I assume-PRES that-ACC ;'I'm not the one making that assumption.' ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies immediately following minimal ;constituent and requires it to be event constituent, so no parse will exist. facile mi mangxus libron&+ ;easily I eat-COND book-ACC ;'It would be easy for me to eat a book.' mi facile mangxus libron&+ ;I easily eat-COND book-ACC ;'It would be easy for me to eat a book.' mi mangxus subite libron& ;I eat-COND suddenly book-ACC mi mangxos subite flavan libron&+ ;I eat-FUT suddenly yellow-SG-ACC book-ACC ;'I'm going to eat a suddenly yellow book.' mi supozas tion ne& ;I assume-PRES that-ACC not la flava ne kato dormas& ;the yellow-SG-NOM not cat-NOM sleep-PRES mi ne ne dormas&+\++ ;I not not sleep-PRES ;'It's not the case that I am not sleeping.' ;Grammar analyzes "ne" syntactically as ordinary scopal adverb and ;thus as able to modify either an adverb or a VP, which modifications ;differ semantically except when the adverb is "ne", so 2 parses will exist. mi ne povas dormi&+ ;I not can-PRES sleep-INF ;'I can't sleep.' mi povas ne dormi&+ ;I can-PRES not sleep-INF ;'I'm able not to sleep.' mi ne povas ne dormi&+ ;I not can-PRES not sleep-INF ;'I can't avoid sleeping.' ne mi ne povas ne dormi&+\ ;not I not can-PRES not sleep-INF ;'I'm not the one who can't avoid sleeping.' ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies immediately following minimal ;constituent and requires it to be event constituent, so no parse will exist. postulis nur ili ke mi demandu cxu flavaj hundoj frenezaj timu ke iliaj kadukaj estroj nepre tondos cxies harojn&+\ ;demand-PAST only they that I ask-IMP TF yellow-NOM-PL dog-NOM-PL ;crazy-NOM-PL fear-IMP that their-NOM-PL decrepit-NOM-PL masters-NOM ;definitely shear-FUT everybody's hairs-ACC ;'They alone demanded that I ask whether crazy yellow dogs should fear ;that their decrepit masters would definitely cut everybody's hair.' ;Grammar assumes scopal adverb modifies immediately following minimal ;constituent and requires it to be event constituent, so no parse will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Noun coordination without adjectives ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; fulmo kaj fumo aperis&+ ;lightning-NOM and smoke-NOM appear-PAST ;'Lightning and smoke appeared.' la fulmo kaj fumo aperis&++\+ ;the lightning-NOM and smoke-NOM appear-PAST ;'The lightning and some smoke appeared.' ;'The lightning and the smoke appeared.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects coordination of non-saturated noun phrases, ;so 1 parse will exist. fulmo aperis kaj fumo& ;lightning-NOM appear-PAST and smoke-NOM fulmo fumo kaj aperis& ;lightning-NOM smoke-NOM and appear-PAST kaj fulmo aperis&+\ ;and lightning-NOM appear-PAST ;'Lightning appeared, too.' ;Grammar rejects sentential "kaj". aperis fulmo kaj fumo&+ ;appear-PAST lightning-NOM and smoke-NOM ;'Lightning and smoke appeared.' aperis kaj fulmo kaj fumo&+\ ;appear-PAST and lightning-NOM and smoke-NOM ;'Both lightning and smoke appeared. ;Grammar rejects emphatic "kaj", so no parse will exist. kaj fulmo kaj fumo aperis&++\ ;and lightning-NOM and smoke-NOM appear-PAST ;'Both lightning and smoke appeared.' ;'Lightning and smoke appeared, too.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects sentential "kaj" and emphatic "kaj", so no parse will exist. mi timas fulmon kaj fumon&+ ;I fear-PRES lightning-ACC and smoke-ACC ;'I'm afraid of lightning and smoke.' mi fulmon kaj fumon timas&+ ;I lightning-ACC and smoke-ACC fear-PRES ;'I'm afraid of lightning and smoke.' fulmon kaj fumon mi timas&+ ;lightning-ACC and smoke-ACC I fear-PRES ;'I'm afraid of lightning and smoke.' mi kaj fulmon kaj fumon timas&+\ ;I lightning-ACC and smoke-ACC fear-PRES ;'I'm afraid of lightning and smoke.' ;Grammar rejects emphatic "kaj", so no parse will exist. fulmon mi timas kaj fumon& ;lightning-ACC I fear-PRES and smoke-ACC mi timas hundojn kaj kaj lernantojn kaj regxojn&+\ ;I fear-PRES dogs-ACC and and students-ACC and kings-ACC ;'I'm afraid of dogs and both students and kings.' ;Grammar rejects emphatic "kaj", so no parse will exist. mi timas kaj hundojn kaj lernantojn kaj regxojn&++\ ;I fear-PRES and dogs-ACC and students-ACC and kings-ACC ;'I'm afraid both of dogs and of students and kings.' ;'I'm afraid both of dogs and students and of kings.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects emphatic "kaj", so no parse will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Noun coordination with adjectives ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; nigra hundo kaj flava kato aperis&+ ;black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black dog and a yellow cat appeared.' nigra hundo kaj kato aperis&+ ;black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black dog and a cat appeared.' hundo nigra kaj kato aperis&+ ;dog-NOM black-SG-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black dog and a cat appeared.' nigraj hundo kaj kato aperis&+\ ;black-PL-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A dog and a cat that were black appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. hundo kaj kato nigraj aperis&+\ ;dog-NOM and cat-NOM black-PL-NOM appear-PAST ;'A dog and a cat that were black appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. aperis hundo kaj kato nigraj&+\ ;appear-PAST dog-NOM and cat-NOM black-PL-NOM ;'A dog and a cat that were black appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. aperis hundo nigraj kaj kato& ;appear-PAST dog-NOM black-PL-NOM and cat-NOM frenezaj nigra hundo kaj kato aperis&+\ ;crazy-PL-NOM black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black dog and a cat that were crazy appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. frenezaj nigra hundo kaj katoj aperis&+\ ;crazy-PL-NOM black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Cats and a black dog that were crazy appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. frenezaj nigra hundo kaj kato flava aperis&+\ ;crazy-PL-NOM black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black dog and a yellow cat that were crazy appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. frenezaj nigra hundo kaj katoj flava aperis& ;crazy-PL-NOM black-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cats-NOM yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST frenezaj hundo kaj kato flava aperis&+\ ;crazy-PL-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST ;'A dog and a yellow cat that were crazy appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. frenezaj hundo kaj kato flavaj aperis&+\ ;crazy-PL-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM yellow-PL-NOM appear-PAST ;'A dog and a cat that were crazy and yellow appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. freneza hundo kaj kato flavaj aperis&+\ ;crazy-SG-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM yellow-PL-NOM appear-PAST ;'A crazy dog and a cat that were yellow appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so no parse will exist. freneza nigraj hundo kaj kato aperis& ;crazy-SG-NOM black-PL-NOM dog-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST frenezaj hundoj kaj kato aperis&++\+ ;crazy-PL-NOM dogs-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'Crazy dogs and a cat appeared.' ;'Dogs and a cat that were crazy appeared.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number, so 1 parse will exist. frenezaj hundoj kaj katoj aperis&++\+ ;crazy-PL-NOM dogs-NOM and cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Crazy dogs and (crazy?) cats appeared.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects coordination of non-saturated noun phrases, ;so 1 parse will exist. kaj nigraj kaj flavaj katoj aperis&++\ ;and black-PL-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Both black and yellow cats appeared.' ;'Black and yellow cats appeared, too.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects sentential "kaj" and emphatic "kaj", so no parse ;will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Shared-noun coordination with adjectives ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; nigra kaj flava katoj aperis&+\ ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black cat and a yellow one appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number. nigra kaj flava aperis katoj& ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST cats-NOM ;'A black cat and a yellow one appeared.' ;ME nigra kaj flavaj katoj aperis&+\ ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black cat and yellow ones appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number. nigraj kaj flava katoj aperis&+\ ;black-PL-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Black cats and a yellow one appeared.' ;Grammar rejects coordinated adjectives unless they all and the ;noun are identical in number. nigraj kaj flava kato aperis& ;black-PL-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM cat-NOM appear-PAST nigra kaj flavaj kato aperis& ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM cat-NOM appear-PAST nigraj kaj flavaj katoj aperis&++\+ ;black-PL-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Black cats and yellow ones appeared.' ;'Cats that were all black and yellow appeared.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar does not accept covert nouns, only 1 parse will exist. kaj nigraj kaj flavaj katoj aperis&++++\ ;and black-PL-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM cats-NOM appear-PAST ;'Black cats and yellow ones appeared, too.' ;'Cats that were all black and yellow appeared, too.' ;'Both black cats and yellow ones appeared.' ;'Cats that were all both black and yellow appeared.' ;Ambiguous; 4 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects unary "kaj", so no parse will exist. nigra kato kaj flava aperis&+\ ;black-SG-NOM cat-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black cat and a yellow one appeared.' ;Grammar does not accept covert nouns, so no parse will exist. ;Contrast with sentence below with postnominal adjective. nigra katoj kaj flava aperis& ;black-SG-NOM cats-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST kato nigra kaj flava aperis&++\+ ;cat-NOM black-SG-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM appear-PAST ;A black and yellow cat appeared. ;A black cat and a yellow one appeared. ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. ;Grammar rejects covert nouns, so only 1 parse will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Adjective coordination ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; nigra kaj flava kato aperis&+ ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM cat-NOM appear-PAST ;'A black and yellow cat appeared.' nigra kaj kaj flava kato aperis& ;black-SG-NOM and and yellow-SG-NOM cat-NOM appear-PAST nigra kaj flava kaj kato aperis& ;black-SG-NOM and yellow-SG-NOM and cat-NOM appear-PAST ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Adverb coordination ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; regxoj mortas ofte kaj subite&+\ ;kings-NOM die-PRES often-ADV and sudden-ADV ;'Kings die often and suddenly.' ;Grammar rejects postmodifying adverbs, so no parse will exist. regxoj mortas kaj ofte kaj subite&+\ ;kings-NOM die-PRES and often-ADV and sudden-ADV ;'Kings die both often and suddenly.' ;Grammar rejects emphatic "kaj" and postmodifying adverbs, so no parse will exist. mortas ofte kaj subite regxoj&+\ ;die-PRES often-ADV and sudden-ADV kings-NOM ;'Kings die often and suddenly.' ;Grammar rejects postmodifying adverbs, and intersectal adverbs cannot ;modify nominal constituents, so no parse will exist. regxoj ofte mortas kaj subite&\ ;kings-NOM often-ADV die-PRES and sudden-ADV ;'Kings die often and suddenly.' ;ME ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Verb coordination ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ili mangxis kadukan hundon kaj mortis&+ ;they eat-PAST decrepit-SG-ACC dog-ACC and die-PAST ;'They ate a decrepit dog and died.' mangxis ili kadukan hundon kaj mortis& ;eat-PAST they decrepit-SG-ACC dog-ACC and die-PAST ;'They ate a decrepit dog and died.' ;ME mangxis kadukan hundon ili kaj mortis& ;eat-PAST decrepit-SG-ACC dog-ACC they and die-PAST ;'They ate a decrepit dog and died.' ;ME mangxis kadukan hundon kaj mortis ili&+ ;eat-PAST decrepit-SG-ACC dog-ACC and die-PAST they ;'They ate a decrepit dog and died.' ili mangxis kaj mortis kadukan hundon& ;they eat-PAST and die-PAST decrepit-SG-ACC dog-ACC mi esperas kaj supozas ke la regxo aperos&++ ;I hope-PRES and assume-PRES that the king-NOM appear-FUT ;'I hope and assume that the king will appear.' ;'I'm hopeful, and I assume that the king will appear.' ;Ambiguous; 2 parses should exist. mi esperas kaj petas ke la regxo aperos& ;I hope-PRES and request-PRES that the king-NOM appear-FUT haroj aperis kaj kreskis&+ ;hair-PL-NOM appear-PAST and grow-PAST ;'Hair appeared and grew.' haroj aperis kaj kreskas&+ ;hair-PL-NOM appear-PAST and grow-PRES ;'Hair appeared and is growing.' haroj aperos kaj kreskus&+ ;hair-PL-NOM appear-FUT and grow-COND ;'Hair will appear and would grow.' haroj aperos kaj kresku&+\ ;hair-PL-NOM appear-FUT and grow-IMP ;'Hair appeared, and grow.' ;Grammar requires coordinated verbs to be all finite, all imperative, or ;all infinitive, so no parse will exist. haroj aperu kaj kreskos&+\ ;hair-PL-NOM appear-IMP and grow-FUT ;Grammar requires coordinated verbs to be all finite, all imperative, or ;all infinitive, so no parse will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Sentential coordination ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; hundoj kuras kaj katoj dormas&+\ ;dogs-NOM run-PRES and cats-NOM sleep-PRES ;Grammar rejects sentential coordination, so no parse will exist. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Multiple coordination ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; hundoj nigraj kaj flavaj kaj dolcxaj kaj frenezaj katoj povas kaj devas kuiri kaj mangxi panon kaj harojn&++++++++++++\++++++++++++++++++++ ;dogs-NOM black-PL-NOM and yellow-PL-NOM and sweet-PL-NOM and crazy-PL-NOM cats-NOM can-PRES and must-PRES cook-INF and eat-INF bread-ACC and hairs-ACC ;'Black and yellow dogs and sweet and crazy cats can and must cook and eat bread and hair.' ;11 more possible translations ;Ambiguous; 12 parses should exist. ;Grammar gives distinct parses for each possible subtree for sequences ;of more than 2 coordinated adjectives, so 20 parses will exist.