Comments: the current test suite has sentences in the order they came to me. I will reorganize the sentences for the actual test suite so that all examples of given phenomenon are together. My six Lab 3 phenomena are: 1. Negation 2. Matrix Yes-No questions 3. Imperatives 4. Embedded clauses 5. Coordination 6. Relative clauses I am skipping Adjectives because everything pertaining to the agreement, coordination, and word order of adjectives has been already covered under different headings. There are other issues pertaining to adjectives that I might get to in the future, time permitting. I am skipping Modals for now as a section just because it would be the seventh section. However, there are several examples pertaining to modals in the test suite (#107, #108, #109, #110). Comment regarding agreement: Hebrew has two genders: masculine and feminine, 3 persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, and two number values: singular and plural. When a plural refers to both masculine and feminine entities, the masculine forms are used. Comment regarding morpheme boundaries and glosses: between Lab 2 and Lab 3 I made some changes in my labeling strategy both with to the morpheme boundaries and with respect to the glosses. Morpheme boundaries and glossing of Verbs: 1. Verb forms for which at least some of the person-number-gender inflection is apparent in the undotted form have that information in the morpheme line separated by a hyphen: alk a-hlk:PAAL.FUT 1SG-go:PAAL.FUT "I will go" In this case, the prefix "a" represents the 1SG future morpheme. Note that I am not marking the "a" for FUT again, even though the morpheme for 1SG in other tenses is different. I hope that is OK. 2. Verb forms for which the person-number-gender inflection is not apparent in the undotted form have no information in the morpheme line. In the gloss line that inflection information is separated with a period: rc rwc:PAAL.PRES run:PAAL.PRES.SG.M "I/you/he runs" In this case, there is no visible inflection (though the vowels give inflectional information on this form), so the number and gender information is presented following the period. The 3SG.M in the PAST and the SG.M are usually the unmarked forms. tlk t-hlk:PAAL.FUT 2SG-go:PAAL.FUT.M "You will go" In this case, the the prefix "t" represents the 2SG future morpheme. The suffix is null, so the information about the gender is presented following the period. In fact, "t" is the morpheme of the FUT 2nd person whether it is SG or PL and it is also the morpheme of the FUT 3rd person feminine whether it is SG or PL. It is the combination if this prefix with the additional suffix that clarifies which of the forms it is. In fact, in the future tense 2SG.M is identical to 3SG.F. I am not representing these ambiguities in this notation as I don't think there is a neat way of representing it. I hope that is OK. Morpheme boundaries and glossing of Nouns: Hebrew has two genders: masculine and feminine. There are some clues in the orthography to indicate which gender the noun is likely to be, but there are enough exceptions to make the breakdown undesirable in the lexicon. Therefore, I am not following the "ragazz-a & ragazz-o" type notation and am treating each noun as having an inherent gender (a la gateau) . Therefore, the gender is presented as internal to the word and separated by a semicolon (I believe that the semicolon represents the idea that there is some inflection but that it is irrelevant to the example). aeh aeh woman:SG.F Initially, I thought I would represent the PL.M & PL.F information as hypthenated inflection. But that is not a good idea either. While the suffix "wt" is generally the suffix used for PL.F and the suffix "im" is the suffix used for PL.M, this is strictly true only in the case of adjectives. When it comes to nouns there are enough exceptions to make this generalization unprofitable. Therefore, I am treating the gender information as internal to the word even in the case of plural nouns. Each word in the lexicon will have to have information as to its gender and as to the type of plural suffix it combines with. sprim yl ewlxnwt wksawt. spr-im yl ewlxn-wt w-ksa-wt book:M-PL on table:M-PL and-chair:M-PL In this example, one can see that while all nouns are masculine, the noun "spr" (book) gets the typical suffix "im" when pluralized while "ewlxn" (table) and "ksa" (chair) while also masculine get the suffix "wt", which is more typical of feminine nouns. Therefore, the gender information is attached to the noun via a semicolon. The number information is attached to the noun with a hyphen because the two suffixes, "wt" and "im" do indicate that the noun is plural (there are some exceptions to this as well, but they are rare). In the case of adjectives, the "im" and "wt" suffixes are regular in that the former indicate PL.M and the latter PL.F, the entire marking in shown following a hyphen. The SG.M is the unmarked form and this information is therefore incorporated in the word via a semicolon: myniin myniin interesting:SG.M interesting myniint myniin-t interesting-SG.F interesting myniinim myniin-im interesting-PL.M interesting myniinwt myniin-wt interesting-PL.F interesting 1. NEGATION There are several ways to express negation. I will mention 4 of them. The word, transliterated as "la", and transcribed as "lo", is the basic equivalent of the English "not", as in "He will not go." as well as the English "no" as in "Are you going? No!". It is also used for non-sentential ngeation. As a sentential negator the word "la" modifies the verb. It must immediately precede a tensed verb (#1), whether it is the main verb (#1) or an auxliary (#107), whichever appears first (#107, #108, #109, #110). The word "la" may not modify an imperative verb form (#5). I don't know if it is an adverb selected for by tensed verbs or a modifier of V; I am still not clear on the distinction. For the time being, I refer to this negator in the gloss as neg1. #1 - contrasts with #2, #5 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} la a-lk la a-hlk:PAAL.FUT neg1 1SG-go:PAAL.FUT 'I won't go.' #2 - contrasts with #1 - must immediately precede verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, word order} alk la a-hlk:PAAL.FUT la 1SG-go:PAAL.FUT neg1 'I won't go.' The second negator, "al" appears in imperative constractions. I refer to it in the gloss as neg2. The verb form that it must immediately precede has to be in the future tense. The result is the negative counterpart of the imperative "tense". #3 - constrasts with #4, #5, #6, #34 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, imperatives, word order} al tlk al t-hlk:PAAL.FUT neg2 2SG-go:PAAL.FUT.M 'Don't go.' #4 - contrasts with #3 - must immediately precede verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, imperatives, word order} tlk al t-hlk:PAAL.FUT al 2SG-go:PAAL.FUT.M neg2 'Don't go.' #5 - constrasts with #1, #3 - must immediately precede future tense verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation} al alk al a-hlk:PAAL.FUT neg2 1SG-go:PAAL.FUT 'I won't go.' #6 - contrasts with #3, #33 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, imperatives} la tlk la t-hlk:PAAL.FUT neg1 2SG-go:PAAL.FUT.M 'You won't go.' The third negator, glossed as ain:PRES is derived from "ain". The word "ain" is best translated into "there isn't" or "there aren't" and is the negative equivalent of "ie" which best translates into "there is" or "there are". In the examples below, however, this negator functions as the auxiliary verb "don't" and conjugates by person, number and gender. It must immediately precede verb. This form is rarely used in speech. #7 formal - contrasts with #16 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hwa ainw ba hwa ain-w bwa:PAAL.PRES pron:NOM.3SG.M ain:PRES-3SG.M come:PAAL.PRES.3SG.M "He isn't coming.' #8 formal -contrasts with #9 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hia ainh bah hia ain-h bwa:PAAL.PRES-h pron:NOM.3SG.F ain:PRES-3SG.F come:PAAL.PRES.3SG-F "She isn't coming.' #9 formal - contrasts with #8 - ain:PRES must agree with predicate (and subject) in person, number and gender Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, agreement} hia ainw bah hia ain-w bwa:PAAL.PRES-h pron:NOM.3SG.F ain:PRES-3SG.M come:PAAL.PRES.3SG-F "She isn't coming.' #10 - this construction is a lot more common in speech than #8 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hia la bah hia la bwa:PAAL.PRES-h pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 come:PAAL.PRES.3SG-F "She isn't coming.' The fourth negator, glossed as ainn:PRES is another variant of ain:PRES. Like ain:PRES it is derived from "ain". It can function like ain:PRES, that is, it can function as an auxiliary verb in the same contexts as ain:PRES. When not followed by any complements it functions as a negator of somebody's presence. ain:PRES can function this way only if followed by an NP indicating some location. ainn:PRES also exists only in the present tense and only in the first and third persons. The word order in these constructions is more rigid than in other SV constructions discussed so far. See #111, #112. #11 - contrasts with #13, #16 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hwa ainnw hwa ainn-w pron:NOM.3SG.M ainn:PRES-3SG.M 'He isn't here.' #12 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hia ainnh hia ainn-h pron:NOM.3SG.F ainn:PRES-1SG.F 'She isn't here.' #13 - contrasts with #11 - unlike ainn:PRES, neg1 must be followed by verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation} hwa la hwa la pron:NOM.3SG.M neg1 'He isn't here.' #14 - contrasts with #12 - ainn:PRES must agree with subject in person, number and gender Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, agreement} hia ainnw hia ainn-w pron:NOM.3SG.F ainn:PRES-3SG.M 'She isn't here.' #15 - this is synonymous with #12 and less formal Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hia la ph hia la ph pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 here 'She isn't here.' #16 - contratsts with #7, #11 - ain:PRES cannot be used in lieu of ainn.PRES in this context Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation} hwa ainw hwa ain-w pron:NOM.3SG.M ain:PRES-3SG.M 'He isn't here.' #17 Explicitly mentioning "ph" (here) is not necessary; see #12 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hwa ainnw ph hwa ainn-w ph pron:NOM.3SG.M ainn:PRES-3SG.M here 'He isn't here.' #18 Neg1 "la" must immediately precede the tensed verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} hia la qwrat mhr hia la qra:PAAL.PRES-t mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F fast 'She doesn't read fast.' #19 - constrasts with #18 - neg1 "la" must immediately precede the tensed verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, word order} hia qwrat mhr la hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t mhr la pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F fast neg1 'She doesn't read fast.' #20 This is not sentential negation - contrasts with #18 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, word order} hia qwrat la mhr ala lav hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t la mhr ala lav pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F neg1 fast but slowly 'She read not fast but slowly.' #21 This is not sentential negation - contrasts with #18 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, word order} la hia qwrat mhr ala hwa la hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t mhr ala hwa neg1 pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F fast but pron:NOM.3SG.M 'It is not she who reads fast but him.' #22 Neg1 "la" must immediately precede the tensed verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, modals} hia la ikwlh lqrwa mhr hia la ikl:PAAL.PRES-h qra:PAAL.INF mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 can:PAAL.PRES-SG.F read:PAAL.INF fast 'She can't read fast.' #23 This is not sentential negation - constrasts with #22 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, modals, word order} hia ikwlh la lqrwa mhr hia ikl:PAAL.PRES-h la qra:PAAL.INF mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F can:PAAL.PRES-SG.F neg1 read:PAAL.INF fast 'She can (choose to) not read fast.' matrix YES-NO QUESTIONS Yes-No questions in Hebrew are formed by changing to a rising intonation the equivalent indicative sentences. There is an optional sentence initial particle, "haim", meaning literally, "the-if". Using this particle is not common in colloquial speech. It is somewhat formal. #24 Source: a:271 Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} ie mqwm? ie mqwm there_is place:SG.M 'Is there room?' #25 Source: a:271 Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} ham ie mqwm? h-am ie mqwm the-if there_is place:SG.M 'Is there room?' #26 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} ain mqwm? ain mqwm there_is_no place:SG.M 'Is there no room?' #27 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} hia qwrat mhr? hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F fast 'Does she read fast?' #28 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions, negation} hia la qwrat mhr? hia la qra:PAAL.PRES-t mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 read:PAAL.PRES-SG.F fast 'Doesn't she read fast?' #29 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions, modals} hia ikwlh lqrwa mhr? hia ikl:PAAL.PRES-h qra:PAAL.INF mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F can:PAAL.PRES-SG.F read:PAAL.INF fast 'Can she read fast?' #30 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions, negation, modals} hia la ikwlh lqrwa mhr? hia la ikl:PAAL.PRES-h qra:PAAL.INF mhr pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 can:PAAL.PRES-SG.F read:PAAL.INF fast 'Can't she read fast?' #115 - "am" without the "h" means "if" and is ungrammatical as the sentence initial question marker. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} am ie mqwm? am ie mqwm if there_is place:SG.M 'Is there room?' #116 - "ham" must be sentence initial. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} ie ham mqwm? ie h-am mqwm there_is the-if place:SG.M 'Is there room?' #117 - "ham" must be sentence initial. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {matrix yes-no questions} ie mqwm ham? ie mqwm h-am there_is place:SG.M the-if 'Is there room?' #31 - constrasts with #32 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, imperatives, word order} al tqra ykeiw al t-qra:PAAL.FUT ykeiw neg2 2SG-read:PAAL.FUT.M now 'Don't read now.' #32 - constrasts with #31 - the verb must immediately follow neg2 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, imperatives, word order} al ykeiw tqra al ykeiw t-qra:PAAL.FUT neg2 now 2SG-read:PAAL.FUT.M 'Don't read now.' #33 - contrasts with #6, #35 - neg1 must be followed by an indicative verb (not an imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, imperatives} la lk la hlk:PAAL.IMP neg1 go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'Don't go.' #34 - contrasts with #3, #35 - neg2 must be followed by a future tense verb (not an imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, imperatives} al lk al hlk:PAAL.IMP neg2 go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'Don't go.' IMPARATIVES The imperative "tense"appearing in the following forms only: 2SG.M, 2SG.F, 2PL.M, 2PL.F. I am refering to it as a "tense" because this is the way it was labeled when I studied Hebrew grammar in high-school. The 1PL imperative needs to be expressed differently (like the English: "let's"). In collouqial speech many of these forms are rarely used. The equivalent future forms are used instead. See #37 #35 - contrasts with #33, #34, #36, #38, #42 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {imperatives} lk! hlk:PAAL.IMP go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'Go!' #36 normative - I added the "please" because it is weird to use the normative form without it Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {imperatives} hqeb bbqeh! qeb:HIFIL.IMP b-bqeh listen:HIFIL.IMP.2SG in-request:SG.F 'Listen, please!' #37 colloquial imperative (for most verbs) - contrasts with #36 -colloquially, the future tense is used in lieu of the imperative Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {imperatives} tqeib bbqeh! t-qeb:HIFIL.FUT b-bqeh 2SG-listen:HIFIL.FUT.M in-request:SG.F 'Listen, please!' #38 - contrasts with #35, #36, #37 this is one of the verbs the imperative form of which is widely used even colloquially; using the future for this verb is substandard Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {imperatives} tlk! t-hlk:PAAL.FUT 2SG-go:PAAL.FUT.M 'Go!' Additional agreement examples (not related to any phenomenon covered this week): these are examples of agreement between the subject and the predicate. I don't suppose we need to worry about this, but they occurred to me and I typed them in before realizing they were irrelevant but you said not to delete sentences once they are there so I kept them. #39 - contrasts with #40 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {agreement} hiqebtm lama elkm? qeb:HIFIL.PAST-tm l-h-ama el-km listen:HIFIL.PAST-2PL.M to-the-mother of-pron:2PL.M 'Have you listened to your mother?' #40 - contrasts with #39 I suspect this is one of those phenomena we are not supposed to worry about Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {agreement} hiqebtm lama elkn? qeb:HIFIL.PAST-tm l-h-ama el-kn listen:HIFIL.PAST-2PL.M to-the-mother of-pron:2PL.F 'Have you listened to your mother?' #41 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {agreement} ham hiqebtm lama elkm? h-am qeb:HIFIL.PAST-tm l-h-ama el-km the-if listen:HIFIL.PAST-2PL.M to-the-mother of-pron:2PL.M 'Have you listened to your mother?' Back to imperatives: #42 - constrasts with #35, this is not ungrammatical but similarly to the English counterpart, not interchangeable with "Go!" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {imperatives} ath lk! ath hlk:PAAL.IMP pron:NOM.2SG.M go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'You go!' #43 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {imperatives} ath la lk! ath la hlk:PAAL.IMP pron:NOM.2SG.M neg1 go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'Don't you go!' #44 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {imperatives} ath al lk! ath al hlk:PAAL.IMP pron:NOM.2SG.M neg2 go:PAAL.IMP.2SG.M 'Don't you go!' COORDINATION Coordination is boring (i.e. no different from English) except in cases involving agreement of conjoined adjectives in an NP or NPs in a PP. The difference is in the way the two languages handle definiteness. For example, in English, the determiner "the" is the specifier of the noun and it is combined with the noun. So in the sentence "I saw the pretty and pleasant girl", we coordinate "pretty and pleasant" which in turn modifies "girl", and that Nom, "pretty and plesant girl" combines with its specifier, "the" to form the NP, "the pretty and pleasant girl" is an NP. The sentence "I saw the pretty and the pleasant girl" is odd, but if it is at all possible I guess it would be a case of the coordination of the gappy "the pretty" with "the pleasant girl". The reason that "the pretty and pleasant girl" cannot be a case of the coordination of "the pretty" and "pleasant girl" or "the pretty girl" and "pleasant girl" is that "pleasant girl" requires a determiner too. In Hebrew the situation is different. Since definiteness is overtly marked on the nouns and all the adjectives that modify them, we can only say: "the pretty and the pleasant girl" and cannot possibly say "the pretty and pleasant girl" because then the second adjective doesn't agree with the noun in terms of definiteness. So the semantics of the English and the Hebrew structure is the same, but the syntax is different. See below. #45 - Clause coordination Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hia qrah spr whwa qra xwbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h spr w-hwa qra:PAAL.PAST xwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:SG.M and-pron:NOM.3SG.M read:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M booklet:SG.F 'She read a book and he read a booklet.' #46 - VP coordination Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hia qrah spr wktbh bmxbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h spr w-ktb:PAAL.PAST-h b-h-mxwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:SG.M and-write:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F in-the-notebook:SG.F 'She read a book and wrote in the notebook.' #118 - can't coordinate different constituent types Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination} hia qrah spr wbmxbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h spr w-b-h-mxwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:SG.M and-in-the-notebook:SG.F 'She read a book and in the notebook.' #47 - VP coordination with a gap - don't plan to cover this for now Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hia emh at hspr barwn wat hmxbrt yl hewlxn. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr b-h-arwn w-at h-mxwbrt yl h-ewlxn pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M in-the-closet:SG.M and-ACC the-notebook:SG.F on the-table:SG.M 'She put the book in the closet and the noteboook on the table.' #48 - NP coordination - contrast with #49, #50 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hia qrah at hspr wat hxwbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr w-at h-hxwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M and-ACC the-booklet:SG.F 'She read the book and the booklet.' #119 - can't coordinate different constituent types Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination} hia qrah at hspr wiph. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr w-iph pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M and-pretty:SG.F 'She read the book and pretty.' #49 - Nom coordination - contrast with #48, #50 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, agreement, case, determiners} hia qrah at hspr whxwbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr w-h-hxwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M and-the-booklet:SG.F 'She read the book and the booklet.' #50 - Nom coordination - contrast with #48, #49 - note that coordinated NPs do not have to match in definiteness - see #66 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, agreement, case, determiners} hia qrah at hspr wxwbrt. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr w-xwbrt pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M and-booklet:SG.F 'She read the book and a booklet.' #51 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #52 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, agreement, case, determiners, adjectives} hia qrah at hspr hxde whmyniin. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr h-xde w-h-myniin pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M the-new:SG.M and-the-interesting:SG.M 'She read the new and interesting book.' #52 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #51 - coordinated adjectives must all agree with head noun including in terms of definiteness Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination, agreement, case, determiners, adjectives} hia qrah at hspr hxde wmyniin. hia qra:PAAL.PAST-h at h-spr h-xde w-myniin pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M the-new:SG.M and-interesting:SG.M 'She read the new and interesting book.' #53 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #54, #55, #56, #57, #58 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti ildwt xvnwt wgdwlwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti ild-wt xvn-wt w-gdwl-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG girl:F-PL little-PL.F and-big-PL.F 'I saw little girls and big girls.' #54 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #53, #55, #56, #57, #58 - it's a bit ambiguous in English, not in Hebrew (though obviously given #53, it's syntactically ambiguous I cannot get the 'pretty girls and pleasant girls' reading one can presumably get in English) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti ildwt ipwt wnyimwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti ild-wt ip-wt w-nyim-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG girl:F-PL pretty-PL.F and-pleasant-PL.F 'I saw pretty and pleasant girls.' #55 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #53, #54, #56, #57, #58 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti at hildwt hxvnwt wat hgdwlwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-ild-wt h-xvn-wt w-at h-gdwl-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-girl:F-PL the-little-PL.F and-ACC the-big-PL.F 'I saw the little girls and the big girls.' #56 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #53, #54, #55, #57, #58 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti at hildwt hipwt wat hnyimwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-ild-wt h-ip-wt w-at h-nyim-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-girl:F-PL the-pretty-PL.F and-ACC the-pleasant-PL.F 'I saw the pretty girls and the pleasat girls.' #57 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #53, #54, #55, #56, #58 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti at hildwt hipwt whnyimwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-ild-wt h-ip-wt w-h-nyim-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-girl:F-PL the-pretty-PL.F and-the-pleasant-PL.F 'I saw the pretty and pleasat girls.' #58 - Adjective coordination - contrast with #53, #54, #55, #56, #57 - this is odd in Hebrew (and a little in English too)- this means that the girls are simultanesouly little and big. If grammatical then it is more likely the result of ellipsis. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, adjectives} raiti at hildwt hqtnwt whgdwlwt. rah:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-ild-wt h-qtn-wt w-h-gdwl-wt see:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-girl:F-PL the-little-PL.F and-the-big-PL.F 'I saw the little and big girls.' #59 - Verb coordination - contrast with #60 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hwa rc wkwpc hwa rwc:PAAL.PRES w-kpc:PAAL.PRES pron:NOM.3SG.M run:PAAL.PRES.SG.M and-jump:PAAL.PRES.SG.M 'He runs and jumps.' #60 - Verb coordination - contrast with #59 - same as English - all conjoined verbs must obey SVA Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination, agreement} hwa rc wkwpct hwa rwc:PAAL.PRES w-kpc:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.3SG.M run:PAAL.PRES-SG.M and-jump:PAAL.PRES-SG.F 'He runs and jumps.' #61 - Subject NP coordination - contrast with #62 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, agreement} hwa whia rcim hwa w-hia rwc:PAAL.PRES-im pron:NOM.3SG.M and-pron:NOM.3SG.F run:PAAL.PRES-PL.M 'He and she run.' #62 - Subject NP coordination - contrast with #61 - mixed gender subject needs masculine verb Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination, agreement} hwa whia rcwt. hwa w-hia rwc:PAAL.PRES-wt pron:NOM.3SG.M and-pron:NOM.3SG.F run:PAAL.PRES-PL.F 'He and she run.' #63 - PP coordination Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} hia emh sprim barwn wyl hewlxn. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h spr-im b-h-arwn w-yl h-ewlxn pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:M-PL in-the-closet:SG.M and-on the-table:SG.M 'She put books in the closet and on the table.' #64 - complement of prep NP coordination - contrast with #65, #66 - coordinating indefinite NPS Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, determiners, agreement} hia emh sprim yl ewlxnwt wksawt. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h spr-im yl ewlxn-wt w-ksa-wt pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:M-PL on table:M-PL and-chair:M-PL 'She put books on tables and chairs.' #65 - complement of prep NP coordination - contrast with #64, #66 - coordinating definite NPS Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, determiners, agreement} hia emh sprim yl hewlxnwt whksawt. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h spr-im yl h-ewlxn-wt w-h-ksa-wt pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:M-PL on the-table:M-PL and-the-chair:M-PL 'She put books on the tables and the chairs.' #66 - complement of prep NP coordination - contrast with #64, #65 - this seems different from English. Conjoining definite with indefinite NPs under one preposition is bad (though in the accusative it's OK, see #50). See also #120. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {coordination, determiners, agreement} hia emh sprim yl hewlxnwt wksawt. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h spr-im yl h-ewlxn-wt w-ksa-wt pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:M-PL on the-table:M-PL and-chair:M-PL 'She put books on the tables and chairs.' #120 - contrast with #66 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination, determiners, agreement} hia emh sprim yl hewlxnwt wyl ksawt. hia eim:PAAL.PAST-h spr-im yl h-ewlxn-wt w-yl ksa-wt pron:NOM.3SG.F put:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F book:M-PL on the-table:M-PL and-on chair:M-PL 'She put books on the tables and on chairs.' RELATIVE CLAUSES Hebrew has a special relative word "e" (pronounced, "sh") that marks a clause a relative (that same "e" is also the complementizer in embedded clauses) . When the relative is a direct object the relative clause contains an accusative resumptive pronoun (#67) but only optionally (#73). The relative "e" must attach to the first element of the relative clause (#67, #68, #69). When the relative is a subject the resumptive pronoun is obligatorily absent (#74, #75), unless the sentence has no verb in which case a nomintive personal pronoun must be present to function as a verb (#76, #77). The "e" must attach to some word and may not stand independently (#78). When the relative is in a PP, the resumptive pronoun is obligatory (#93, #94) as the preposition cannot be left dangling. When the relative is a possessor as in "the man whose book" (#84), there is an obligatory resumptive pronoun, but that is not surprising, as unlike the English "whose" the relative marker "e" carries insufficient information. The one interesting construction involving a relative is #92. Unlike in English it is possible in Hebrew to relativize an NP that is a corrdinated structure, and say "The man, that he and his mother are doctors...". See below. #67 - contrast with #68, #69, #70, #71, #72, #73, #93, #94 - Object relatives take a resumptive pronoun optionally. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eawtw qrati hih mcxiq h-spr e-awtw qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-pron:ACC.3SG.M read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book which I read was funny.' #68 - contrast with #67, #69, #70, #71, #72, #73 - the word order within the relative clause is relatively free, but the relative clause marker must be first Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eqrati awtw hih mcxiq h-spr e-qra:PAAL.PAST-ti awtw hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST-1SG pron:ACC.3SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book which I read was funny.' #69 - contrast with #67, #68, #70, #71, #72, #73 - the relative clause marker must be first Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr qrati eawtw hih mcxiq h-spr qra:PAAL.PAST-ti e-awtw hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M read:PAAL.PAST-1SG that-pron:ACC.3SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book which I read was funny.' #70 - contrast with #67, #68, #69, #71, #72, #73 - the relative clause marker must be first Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr awtw eqrati hih mcxiq. h-spr awtw e-qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M pron:ACC.3SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book which I read was funny.' #71 - contrast with #67, #68, #69, #70, #72, #73 - the relative clause marker must be first - this is substandard as 'at' is required but not entirely impossible; so if this sentence were OK it would mean something other than what #67 means Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} eawtw hspr qrati hih mcxiq. e-awtw h-spr qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq e-same.SG.M the-book:SG.M read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M '(The fact) that I read the same book was funny.' #72 - contrast with #67, #68, #69, #70, #71, #73 - the relative clause marker must be first - this is grammatical under a different interpretation Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} awtw hspr eqrati hih mcxiq. awtw h-spr e-qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq same.SG.M the-book:SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The same book that I read was funny.' #73 - - contrast with #67, #68, #69, #70, #71, #72, #93, #94 - #73 is more common than #67 - not expressing the resumptive pronoun in cases of object relatives is more common than expressing it Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eqrati hih mcxiq. h-spr e-qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book I read was funny.' #74 - contrast with #75, #76, #77 - in subject relatives there is no resumptive pronoun Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie eqra at hspr hih mcxiq. h-aie e-qra:PAAL.PAST at h-spr hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M ACC the-book:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who read the book was funny.' #75 - contrast with #74, #76, #77 - - in subject relatives there can be no resumptive pronoun Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie ehwa qra at hspr hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hwa qra:PAAL.PAST at h-spr hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.M read:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M ACC the-book:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who read the book was funny.' #76 - contrast with #74, #75, #77, #78, #86. #87 the pronoun hwa is functioning as a verb here Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie ehwa hrwpa hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hwa h-rwpa hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.M the-doctor:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is the doctor was funny.' #77 - contrast with #75, #76, #78 - this is the past tense equivalent of sentence #76 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie ehih hrwpa hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hih:PAAL.PAST h-rwpa hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M the-doctor:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who was the doctor was funny.' #78 - contrast with #75, #76, #77 - the relative clause marker cannot be stranded Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie e hrwpa hih mcxiq. h-aie e h-rwpa hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that the-doctor:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is the doctor was funny.' #79 - contrast with #80, #81, #82, #83 - there is a resumptive pronoun in a PP relative Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} htwknh ektbti yma at hspr hith mcxiqh h-twknh e-ktb:PAAL.PAST-ti ym-a at h-spr hih:PAAL.PAST-h mcxiq-h the-software:SG.F that-write:PAAL.PAST-1SG with-3SG.F ACC the-book:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F funny-SG.F 'The software I wrote the book with was funny.' #80 - contrast with #79, #81, #82, #83 - the order within the PP relative is also relatively free Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} htwknh eyma ktbti at hspr hith mcxiqh h-twknh e-ym-a ktb:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-spr hih:PAAL.PAST-h mcxiq-h the-software:SG.F that-with-3SG.F write:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-book:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F funny-SG.F 'The software I wrote the book with was funny.' #81 - contrast with #79, #80, #82, #83 - the order within the PP relative is also relatively free Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} htwknh eat hspr ktbti yma hith mcxiqh h-twknh e-at h-spr ktb:PAAL.PAST-ti ym-a hih:PAAL.PAST-h mcxiq-h the-software:SG.F that-ACC the-book:SG.M write:PAAL.PAST-1SG with-3SG.F be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F funny-SG.F 'The software I wrote the book with was funny.' #82 - contrast with #79, #80, #81, #83 - the order within the PP relative is also relatively free Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} htwknh eat hspr yma ktbti hith mcxiqh h-twknh e-at h-spr ym-a ktb:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST-h mcxiq-h the-software:SG.F that-ACC the-book:SG.M with-3SG.F write:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F funny-SG.F 'The software I wrote the book with was funny.' #83 - contrast with #79, #80, #81, #82 - the preposition may not be left dangling; the resumptive is missing Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} htwknh eat hspr ktbti ym hith mcxiqh h-twknh e-at h-spr ktb:PAAL.PAST-ti ym hih:PAAL.PAST-h mcxiq-h the-software:SG.F that-ACC the-book:SG.M write:PAAL.PAST-1SG with be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F funny-SG.F 'The software I wrote the book with was funny.' #84 - possessive relative Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie eat hspr elw qrati hih mcxiq. h-aie e-at h-spr el-w qra:PAAL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-ACC the-book:SG.M of-peon:3SG.M read:PAAL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man whose book I read was funny.' #85 - just like in English, the gap may not be filled with an NP other than the resumptive pronoun Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eqrati at hprq hih mcxiq. h-spr e-qra:PAAL.PAST-ti at h-prq hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-read:PAAL.PAST-1SG ACC the-chapter:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M '*The book which I read the chapter was funny.' #86 - contrast with #76 - there is no verb in the relative so the pronoun "hwa" functions as the verb. It seems that a relative must have a verb. Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie ehwa rwpa hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hwa rwpa hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.M doctor:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is a doctor was funny.' #87 - contrast with #76, #86, #88 - in the present the copula is missing when the relative is a PP Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie ebarwn hih mcxiq. h-aie e-b-h-arwn hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-in-the-closet:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is in the closet was funny.' #88 - contrast with #76, #87 - the PAST equivalent of #87 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie barwn hih mcxiq. h-aie b-h-arwn hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M in-the-closet:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man in the closet was funny.' #89 - contrast with #76, #86, #87, #88 - this is another example along the lines of #87 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie eph hih mcxiq. h-aie e-ph hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-here be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is here was funny.' #90 - contrast with #76, #86, #91 - there is no need for hwa if the relative is an adjective; Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie enxmd hih mcxiq. h-aie e-nxmd hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-nice:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is nice was funny.' #91 - contrast with #76, #86, #91 - must have hwa if the predicate is a noun; so the only place where the pronoun needs to be inserted in the PRES in lieu of the missing copula is when the predicate is an NP (not so in matrix clause) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} haie erwpa hih mcxiq. h-aie e-rwpa hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-doctor:SG.M be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is a doctor was funny.' #92 - contrast with #114 - this is different from English Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses, coordination} haie ehwa wamw rwpaim hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hwa w-am-w rwpa-im hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.M and-mother-his doctor:M-PL be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is a doctor and whose mother is a doctor was funny.' #93 contrast with #67, #73, #94 - the pronoun in a direct object relative is optional, but when the pronoun is in a PP it is obligatory (the prep cannot be left dangling) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eyliw dibrti hia mcxiq h-spr e-yli-w dbr:PIEL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-on-pron:3SG.M speak:PIEL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book I spoke about was funny.' #94 contrast with #67, #73, #93 - the pronoun in a direct object relative is optional, but when the pronoun is in a PP it is obligatory (the prep cannot be left dangling) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {relative clauses} hspr eyl dibrti hia mcxiq h-spr e-yl dbr:PIEL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-book:SG.M that-on speak:PIEL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The book I spoke about was funny.' #95 - relative on coordinated NP. Note that while the English sentence is ambiguous (the relative could include both the man and the woman or just the woman), in Hebrew the resumptive pronoun makes it unambiguous as refering to both). Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses, coordination} haie whaeh eylihm dibrti hi-w mcxiqim. h-aie w-h-aeh e-yli-hm dbr:PIEL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST-w mcxiq-im the-man:SG.M and-the-woman:SG.F that-on-pron:3PL.M speak:PIEL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST-3PL.M funny-PL.M 'The man and the woman about whom I spoke were funny.' EMBEDDED CLAUSES Embedded clauses are boring as they are pretty much the same as their English counterparts. One difference is that, unlike in English, in Hebrew the complementizer may not be optionally omitted (#102). #96 - contrasts with #97, #98, #103, #102 - declarative with "know" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani iwdy ehia qwrat ani idy:PAAL.PRES e-hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG know:PAAL.PRES.SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I know that she reads.' #97 - contrasts with #96, #98 - interrogative with negated "know" (whether) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses, negation} ani la iwdy am hia qwrat ani la idy:PAAL.PRES am hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG neg1 know:PAAL.PRES.SG.M if pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I don't know whether she reads.' #98 - contrasts with #96, #97 - declarative with negated "know" (that) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses, negation} ani la iwdy ehia qwrat ani la idy:PAAL.PRES e-hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG neg1 know:PAAL.PRES.SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I don't know that she reads.' #99 - contrasts with #100, #101, #102 - declarative with "believe" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani mamin ehia qwrat ani amn:HIFIL.PRES e-hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG believe:HIFIL.PRES.SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I believe that she reads.' #100 - contrasts with #99, #101 - "believe" cannot take an interrogative clause Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {embedded clauses, negation} ani la mamin am hia qwrat ani la amn:HIFIL.PRES am hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG neg1 believe:HIFIL.PRES.SG.M if pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I don't believe if she reads.' #101 - contrasts with #99, #100 - declarative with negated "believe" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses, negation} ani la mamin ehia qwrat ani la amn:HIFIL.PRES e-hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG neg1 believe:HIFIL.PRES.SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I don't believe that she reads.' #102 - constrasts with #99 - the comp cannot be omitted Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani mamin hia qwrat ani amn:HIFIL.PRES hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG believe:HIFIL.PRES.SG.M pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I believe she reads.' #103 - contrasts with #96, #104 - interrogative with "know" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani iwdy am hia qwrat ani idy:PAAL.PRES am hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG know:PAAL.PRES.SG.M if pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I know whether she reads.' #104 - contrasts with #103 - "believe" cannot take interrogative clause Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani mamin am hia qwrat ani amn:HIFIL.PRES am hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG believe:HIFIL.PRES.SG.M if pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I believe whether she reads.' #105 - contrasts with #103, #104, #106 - interrogative with "ask" Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani ewal am hia qwrat ani eal:PAAL.PRES am hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG ask:PAAL.PRES.SG.M if pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I ask whether she reads.' #106 - contrasts with #103, #104, #105 - "ask" cannit take a declarative clause Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {embedded clauses} ani ewal e-hia qwrat ani eal:PAAL.PRES e-hia qra:PAAL.PRES-t pron:NOM.1SG ask:PAAL.PRES.SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.F read:PAAL.PRES:SG.F 'I ask that she reads.' MODALS I am not really covering modals here. These examples are here as examples of negation. #107 - contrasts with #108, #109 - must immediately precede indicative first tensed verb (past, present, future, no imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, modals} hia la hith ixwlh llkt hia la hih:PAAL.PAST-h ixl:PAAL.PAST-h hlk:PAAL.INF pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F can:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F go:PAAL.INF 'She couldn't go.' #108 - contrasts with #107, #109, #110 - must immediately precede indicative first tensed verb (past, present, future, no imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation, modals} hia la ixwlh hith ixwlh llkt hia la ixl:PAAL.PAST-h hih:PAAL.PAST-h hlk:PAAL.INF pron:NOM.3SG.F neg1 can:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F go:PAAL.INF 'She couldn't go.' #109 - contrasts with #107, #109, #110 - must immediately precede indicative first tensed verb (past, present, future, no imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, modals} hia ixwlh la hith llkt hia ixl:PAAL.PAST-h la hih:PAAL.PAST-h hlk:PAAL.INF pron:NOM.3SG.F can:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F neg1 be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F go:PAAL.INF 'She couldn't go.' #110 - contrasts with #107, #108, #109 - must immediately precede indicative first tensed verb (past, present, future, no imperative) Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation, modals} hia hith la ixwlh llkt hia hih:PAAL.PAST-h la ixl:PAAL.PAST-h hlk:PAAL.INF pron:NOM.3SG.F be:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F neg1 can:PAAL.PAST-3SG.F go:PAAL.INF 'She couldn't go.' #111 - contrasts with #11 - as in the case of the other negators, the sentential negator may not precede the subject Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: u Phenomena: {negation} ainnw hwa ainn-w hwa ainn:PRES-3SG.M pron:NOM.3SG.M 'He isn't here.' #112 - contrasts with #113 - as in the case of other verbs, with first and second person verb forms, the subject is optional Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} ainni ainn-i ainn:PRES-1SG 'I am not present.' #113 - contrasts with #112 - this is grammatical but means something different than #112 Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {negation} ainni ani ainn-i ani ainn:PRES-1SG pron:NOM.1SG 'I am not me/I/myself.' #114 - contrast with #92 - this is another way of restating #92, this time in a way more similar to English Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {relative clauses, coordination} haie ehwa weamw rwpaim hih mcxiq. h-aie e-hwa w-e-am-w rwpa-im hih:PAAL.PAST mcxiq the-man:SG.M that-pron:NOM.3SG.M and-that-mother-his doctor:M-PL be:PAAL.PAST.3SG.M funny:SG.M 'The man who is a doctor and whose mother is a doctor was funny.' #Additional topics should there be time #Construct nouns, possessives other than "brother of John" and "of mine" variety, newly discovered differences in distribution of pronouns and other NPs, additional word order constraints (indefinite NPs, "hia crix", p101 of Melnik's dissertation, "*raiti tofrim et ...smalot", modals And now that I am looking at the customization download page I see that I omitted important coordination examples: #121 - three conjuncts - Monosyndeton Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} haie, haeh whildh eylihm dibrti hi-w mcxiqim. h-aie h-aeh w-hildh e-yli-hm dbr:PIEL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST-w mcxiq-im the-man:SG.M the-woman:SG.F and-the-girl that-on-pron:3PL.M speak:PIEL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST-3PL.M funny-PL.M 'The man, the woman, and the girl about whom I spoke were funny.' #122 - three conjuncts - Polysyndeton Source: author Vetted: t Judgment: g Phenomena: {coordination} haie whaeh whildh eylihm dibrti hi-w mcxiqim. h-aie w-h-aeh w-hildh e-yli-hm dbr:PIEL.PAST-ti hih:PAAL.PAST-w mcxiq-im the-man:SG.M and-the-woman:SG.F and-the-girl that-on-pron:3PL.M speak:PIEL.PAST-1SG be:PAAL.PAST-3PL.M funny-PL.M 'The man, and the woman, and the girl about whom I spoke were funny.'