0 12 Coexpression Coexpression NNP 13 15 of of IN 16 24 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 25 30 B/Rel B/Rel NNP 31 34 and and CC 35 38 Sp1 sp1 NN 39 52 transcription transcription NN 53 60 factors factor NNS 61 63 in in IN 64 69 human human JJ 70 86 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 87 92 virus virus NN 93 102 1-induced 1-induced JJ 102 103 , , , 104 113 dendritic dendritic JJ 114 125 cell-T-cell cell-t-cell NN 126 134 syncytia syncytia NN 134 135 . . . 137 147 Productive productive JJ 148 157 infection infection NN 158 160 of of IN 161 162 T t NN 163 168 cells cell NNS 169 173 with with IN 174 179 human human JJ 180 196 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 197 202 virus virus NN 203 204 1 1 CD 205 206 ( ( ( 206 211 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 211 212 ) ) ) 213 222 typically typically RB 223 231 requires require VBZ 232 236 that that IN 237 240 the the DT 241 242 T t NN 243 248 cells cell NNS 249 251 be be VB 252 262 stimulated stimulate VBN 263 267 with with IN 268 276 antigens antigen NNS 277 279 or or CC 280 288 mitogens mitogen NNS 288 289 . . . 290 294 This this DT 295 306 requirement requirement NN 307 310 has have VBZ 311 315 been be VBN 316 326 attributed attribute VBN 327 329 to to TO 330 333 the the DT 334 344 activation activation NN 345 347 of of IN 348 351 the the DT 352 365 transcription transcription NN 366 372 factor factor NN 373 381 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 382 383 B B NNP 383 384 , , , 385 390 which which WDT 391 401 synergizes synergize VBZ 402 406 with with IN 407 410 the the DT 411 423 constitutive constitutive JJ 424 437 transcription transcription NN 438 444 factor factor NN 445 448 Sp1 sp1 NN 449 451 to to TO 452 457 drive drive VB 458 461 the the DT 462 467 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 468 476 promoter promoter NN 476 477 . . . 478 486 Recently recently RB 486 487 , , , 488 490 we we PRP 491 495 have have VBP 496 501 found find VBN 502 506 that that IN 507 515 vigorous vigorous JJ 516 527 replication replication NN 528 530 of of IN 531 536 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 537 542 takes take VBZ 543 548 place place NN 549 551 in in IN 552 564 nonactivated nonactivated JJ 565 571 memory memory NN 572 573 T t NN 574 579 cells cell NNS 580 585 after after IN 586 595 syncytium syncytium NN 596 605 formation formation NN 606 610 with with IN 611 620 dendritic dendritic JJ 621 626 cells cell NNS 627 628 ( ( ( 628 631 DCs DC NNP 631 632 ) ) ) 632 633 . . . 634 639 These these DT 640 648 syncytia syncytia NN 649 653 lack lack NN 654 663 activated activate VBN 664 669 cells cell NNS 670 672 as as IN 673 683 determined determine VBN 684 686 by by IN 687 689 an an DT 690 697 absence absence NN 698 700 of of IN 701 709 staining staining NN 710 713 for for IN 714 719 Ki-67 ki-67 NN 720 724 cell cell NN 725 730 cycle cycle NN 731 738 antigen antigen NN 738 739 . . . 740 743 The the DT 744 754 expression expression NN 755 758 and and CC 759 767 activity activity NN 768 770 of of IN 771 779 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 780 781 B B NNP 782 785 and and CC 786 789 Sp1 Sp1 NNP 790 794 were be VBD 794 795 , , , 796 805 therefore therefore RB 805 806 , , , 807 815 analyzed analyze VBN 816 818 in in IN 819 827 isolated isolate VBN 828 829 T t NN 830 835 cells cell NNS 836 839 and and CC 840 843 DCs dc NNS 844 848 from from IN 849 855 humans human NNS 856 859 and and CC 860 864 mice mouse NNS 864 865 . . . 866 868 We we PRP 869 873 have have VBP 874 878 used use VBN 879 893 immunolabeling immunolabeling NN 893 894 , , , 895 902 Western western NN 903 907 blot blot NN 908 916 analysis analysis NN 916 917 , , , 918 921 and and CC 922 937 electrophoretic electrophoretic JJ 938 946 mobility mobility NN 947 952 shift shift NN 953 956 and and CC 957 967 supershift supershift NN 968 974 assays assay NNS 974 975 . . . 976 977 T t NN 978 983 cells cell NNS 984 988 lack lack VBP 989 995 active active JJ 996 1004 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1005 1006 B B NNP 1007 1010 but but CC 1011 1018 express express VBP 1019 1022 Sp1 sp1 NN 1023 1025 as as IN 1026 1034 expected expect VBN 1034 1035 . . . 1036 1039 DCs dc NNS 1040 1047 express express VBP 1048 1052 high high JJ 1053 1059 levels level NNS 1060 1062 of of IN 1063 1066 all all DT 1067 1072 known know VBN 1073 1081 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1082 1083 B B NNP 1084 1087 and and CC 1088 1091 Rel Rel NNP 1092 1100 proteins protein NNS 1100 1101 , , , 1102 1106 with with IN 1107 1115 activity activity NN 1116 1124 residing reside VBG 1125 1134 primarily primarily RB 1135 1141 within within IN 1142 1146 RelB RelB NNP 1146 1147 , , , 1148 1151 p50 p50 NN 1151 1152 , , , 1153 1156 and and CC 1157 1160 p65 p65 NN 1160 1161 . . . 1162 1169 However however RB 1169 1170 , , , 1171 1174 DCs DC NNP 1175 1179 lack lack VBP 1180 1183 Sp1 sp1 NN 1183 1184 , , , 1185 1190 which which WDT 1191 1194 may may MD 1195 1202 explain explain VB 1203 1206 the the DT 1207 1214 failure failure NN 1215 1217 of of IN 1218 1223 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1224 1226 to to TO 1227 1236 replicate replicate VB 1237 1239 in in IN 1240 1248 purified purify VBN 1249 1252 DCs dc NNS 1252 1253 . . . 1254 1266 Coexpression Coexpression NNP 1267 1269 of of IN 1270 1278 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1279 1280 B B NNP 1281 1284 and and CC 1285 1288 Sp1 Sp1 NNP 1289 1295 occurs occur VBZ 1296 1298 in in IN 1299 1302 the the DT 1303 1315 heterologous heterologous JJ 1316 1325 DC-T-cell dc-t-cell NN 1326 1334 syncytia syncytia NN 1335 1339 that that WDT 1340 1343 are be VBP 1344 1351 induced induce VBN 1352 1354 by by IN 1355 1360 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1360 1361 . . . 1362 1371 Therefore therefore RB 1371 1372 , , , 1373 1386 HIV-1-induced hiv-1-induced JJ 1387 1391 cell cell NN 1392 1398 fusion fusion NN 1399 1405 brings bring VBZ 1406 1414 together together RB 1415 1422 factors factor NNS 1423 1427 that that WDT 1428 1438 upregulate upregulate VBP 1439 1444 virus virus NN 1445 1458 transcription transcription NN 1458 1459 . . . 1460 1465 Since since IN 1466 1469 DCs dc NNS 1470 1473 and and CC 1474 1480 memory memory NN 1481 1482 T t NN 1483 1488 cells cell NNS 1489 1499 frequently frequently RB 1500 1507 traffic traffic VBP 1508 1516 together together RB 1517 1519 in in FW 1520 1524 situ situ FW 1524 1525 , , , 1526 1531 these these DT 1532 1539 unusual unusual JJ 1540 1552 heterologous heterologous JJ 1553 1561 syncytia syncytia NN 1562 1567 could could MD 1568 1575 develop develop VB 1576 1578 in in IN 1579 1587 infected infected JJ 1588 1599 individuals individual NNS 1600 1603 and and CC 1604 1608 lead lead VBP 1609 1611 to to TO 1612 1619 chronic chronic JJ 1620 1625 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1626 1637 replication replication NN 1638 1645 without without IN 1646 1656 ostensible ostensible JJ 1657 1663 immune immune JJ 1664 1675 stimulation stimulation NN 1675 1676 . . .