0 10 Modulation modulation NN 11 13 of of IN 14 24 endogenous endogenous JJ 25 29 IL-1 il-1 NN 30 34 beta beta NN 35 38 and and CC 39 43 IL-1 il-1 NN 44 52 receptor receptor NN 53 63 antagonist antagonist NN 64 71 results result VBZ 72 74 in in IN 75 83 opposing oppose VBG 84 91 effects effect NNS 92 94 on on IN 95 98 HIV HIV NNP 99 109 expression expression NN 110 112 in in IN 113 124 chronically chronically RB 125 133 infected infected JJ 134 143 monocytic monocytic JJ 144 149 cells cell NNS 149 150 . . . 152 153 A a DT 154 164 proportion proportion NN 165 167 of of IN 168 180 HIV-infected hiv-infected JJ 181 192 individuals individual NNS 193 203 experience experience VBP 204 212 episodes episode NNS 213 215 of of IN 216 225 localized localized JJ 226 228 or or CC 229 237 systemic systemic JJ 238 247 bacterial bacterial JJ 248 258 infections infection NNS 259 265 caused cause VBN 266 268 by by IN 269 282 Gram-negative gram-negative JJ 283 291 bacteria bacteria NNS 291 292 . . . 293 297 Many many JJ 298 300 of of IN 301 304 the the DT 305 313 clinical clinical JJ 314 318 side side NN 319 326 effects effect NNS 327 329 of of IN 330 335 these these DT 336 346 infections infection NNS 347 350 are be VBP 351 361 associated associate VBN 362 366 with with IN 367 370 the the DT 371 381 production production NN 382 384 of of IN 385 400 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ 401 410 cytokines cytokine NNS 410 411 , , , 412 417 which which WDT 418 421 are be VBP 422 429 induced induce VBN 430 439 primarily primarily RB 440 442 by by IN 443 446 LPS LPS NNP 446 447 , , , 448 449 a a DT 450 461 constituent constituent NN 462 464 of of IN 465 468 the the DT 469 478 bacterial bacterial JJ 479 483 cell cell NN 484 488 wall wall NN 489 491 of of IN 492 505 Gram-negative gram-negative JJ 506 514 bacteria bacteria NNS 514 515 . . . 516 519 The the DT 520 527 present present JJ 528 533 study study NN 534 542 examines examine VBZ 543 546 the the DT 547 557 mechanisms mechanism NNS 558 566 involved involve VBN 567 569 in in IN 570 582 LPS-mediated lps-mediated JJ 583 592 induction induction NN 593 595 of of IN 596 599 HIV HIV NNP 600 610 expression expression NN 611 613 in in IN 614 616 U1 u1 NN 617 622 cells cell NNS 622 623 , , , 624 625 a a DT 626 638 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 639 643 cell cell NN 644 648 line line NN 649 660 chronically chronically RB 661 669 infected infect VBN 670 674 with with IN 675 678 HIV HIV NNP 678 679 . . . 680 691 Stimulation stimulation NN 692 694 of of IN 695 697 U1 u1 NN 698 703 cells cell NNS 704 706 by by IN 707 710 LPS LPS NNP 711 716 alone alone RB 717 724 induced induce VBD 725 732 minimal minimal JJ 733 739 levels level NNS 740 742 of of IN 743 746 HIV HIV NNP 747 757 expression expression NN 757 758 , , , 759 764 which which WDT 765 768 was be VBD 769 782 significantly significantly RB 783 791 enhanced enhance VBN 792 794 by by IN 795 817 granulocyte-macrophage granulocyte-macrophage JJ 818 836 colony-stimulating colony-stimulating JJ 837 843 factor factor NN 844 845 ( ( ( 845 851 GM-CSF GM-CSF NNP 851 852 ) ) ) 852 853 . . . 854 867 Costimulation costimulation NN 868 870 of of IN 871 873 U1 u1 NN 874 879 cells cell NNS 880 884 with with IN 885 888 LPS LPS NNP 889 893 plus plus CC 894 900 GM-CSF GM-CSF NNP 901 909 resulted result VBD 910 912 in in IN 913 916 the the DT 917 929 accumulation accumulation NN 930 932 of of IN 933 945 steady-state steady-state JJ 946 952 levels level NNS 953 955 of of IN 956 959 HIV HIV NNP 960 963 RNA RNA NNP 963 964 ; ; : 965 972 however however RB 972 973 , , , 974 978 only only RB 979 980 a a DT 981 985 weak weak JJ 986 995 induction induction NN 996 998 of of IN 999 1002 HIV HIV NNP 1003 1007 long long JJ 1008 1016 terminal terminal JJ 1017 1030 repeat-driven repeat-driven JJ 1031 1044 transcription transcription NN 1044 1045 , , , 1046 1051 which which WDT 1052 1055 was be VBD 1056 1059 not not RB 1060 1070 associated associate VBN 1071 1075 with with IN 1076 1079 the the DT 1080 1090 activation activation NN 1091 1093 of of IN 1094 1097 the the DT 1098 1106 cellular cellular JJ 1107 1120 transcription transcription NN 1121 1127 factor factor NN 1128 1135 nuclear nuclear JJ 1136 1148 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 1149 1150 B B NNP 1150 1151 , , , 1152 1155 was be VBD 1156 1161 noted note VBN 1161 1162 . . . 1163 1176 Costimulation costimulation NN 1177 1179 of of IN 1180 1185 cells cell NNS 1186 1190 with with IN 1191 1194 LPS LPS NNP 1195 1199 plus plus CC 1200 1206 GM-CSF GM-CSF NNP 1207 1214 induced induce VBD 1215 1218 the the DT 1219 1229 production production NN 1230 1232 of of IN 1233 1248 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ 1249 1258 cytokines cytokine NNS 1258 1259 , , , 1260 1264 IL-8 IL-8 NNP 1264 1265 , , , 1266 1270 IL-1 il-1 NN 1271 1275 beta beta NN 1276 1279 and and CC 1280 1284 IL-6 il-6 NN 1284 1285 , , , 1286 1289 but but CC 1290 1293 not not RB 1294 1303 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1303 1304 . . . 1305 1309 IL-1 il-1 NN 1310 1318 receptor receptor NN 1319 1329 antagonist antagonist NN 1330 1331 ( ( ( 1331 1333 ra ra NN 1333 1334 ) ) ) 1335 1344 inhibited inhibit VBD 1345 1348 LPS LPS NNP 1349 1360 enhancement enhancement NN 1361 1363 of of IN 1364 1367 HIV HIV NNP 1368 1378 expression expression NN 1379 1381 in in IN 1382 1399 GM-CSF-stimulated gm-csf-stimulated JJ 1400 1405 cells cell NNS 1405 1406 , , , 1407 1417 suggesting suggest VBG 1418 1422 that that IN 1423 1433 endogenous endogenous JJ 1434 1438 IL-1 il-1 NN 1439 1442 was be VBD 1443 1451 involved involve VBN 1452 1454 in in IN 1455 1467 LPS-mediated lps-mediated JJ 1468 1473 viral viral JJ 1474 1484 production production NN 1484 1485 . . . 1486 1488 In in IN 1489 1493 this this DT 1494 1500 regard regard NN 1500 1501 , , , 1502 1519 anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory JJ 1520 1529 cytokines cytokine NNS 1530 1539 inhibited inhibit VBD 1540 1543 LPS lps NN 1544 1548 plus plus CC 1549 1566 GM-CSF-stimulated gm-csf-stimulated JJ 1567 1570 HIV HIV NNP 1571 1581 expression expression NN 1581 1582 , , , 1583 1586 and and CC 1587 1591 this this DT 1592 1598 effect effect NN 1599 1606 closely closely RB 1607 1617 correlated correlate VBD 1618 1622 with with IN 1623 1633 inhibition inhibition NN 1634 1636 of of IN 1637 1641 IL-1 il-1 NN 1642 1646 beta beta NN 1647 1654 release release NN 1655 1658 and and CC 1658 1659 , , , 1660 1662 in in IN 1663 1673 particular particular JJ 1673 1674 , , , 1675 1679 with with IN 1680 1693 up-regulation up-regulation NN 1694 1696 of of IN 1697 1707 endogenous endogenous JJ 1708 1714 IL-1ra IL-1ra NNP 1715 1725 production production NN 1725 1726 . . . 1727 1731 Thus thus RB 1731 1732 , , , 1733 1736 the the DT 1737 1744 balance balance NN 1745 1752 between between IN 1753 1755 an an DT 1756 1768 endogenously endogenously RB 1769 1777 produced produce VBN 1778 1783 viral viral JJ 1784 1791 inducer inducer NN 1792 1793 ( ( ( 1793 1797 IL-1 il-1 NN 1798 1802 beta beta NN 1803 1804 ) ) ) 1805 1808 and and CC 1809 1811 an an DT 1812 1821 inhibitor inhibitor NN 1822 1823 ( ( ( 1823 1829 IL-1ra IL-1ra NNP 1829 1830 ) ) ) 1831 1834 may may MD 1835 1844 represent represent VB 1845 1847 an an DT 1848 1857 important important JJ 1858 1865 pathway pathway NN 1866 1873 leading lead VBG 1874 1876 to to TO 1877 1887 modulation modulation NN 1888 1890 of of IN 1891 1894 HIV HIV NNP 1895 1905 expression expression NN 1906 1910 from from IN 1911 1920 monocytic monocytic JJ 1921 1926 cells cell NNS 1926 1927 . . .