0 5 Human human JJ 6 7 T t NN 8 20 lymphotropic lymphotropic JJ 21 28 virus-I virus-i NN 29 38 infection infection NN 39 41 of of IN 42 47 human human JJ 48 49 T t NN 50 61 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 62 69 induces induce VBZ 70 80 expression expression NN 81 83 of of IN 84 87 the the DT 88 112 beta-galactoside-binding beta-galactoside-binding JJ 113 119 lectin lectin NN 119 120 , , , 121 131 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 131 132 . . . 134 140 Animal Animal NNP 141 148 lectins lectin NNS 149 153 play play VBP 154 163 important important JJ 164 169 roles role NNS 170 172 in in IN 173 174 a a DT 175 182 variety variety NN 183 185 of of IN 186 196 biological biological JJ 197 206 processes process NNS 207 210 via via IN 211 216 their their PRP$ 217 228 recognition recognition NN 229 231 of of IN 232 247 glycoconjugates glycoconjugate NNS 247 248 . . . 249 259 Galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 260 262 is be VBZ 263 264 a a DT 265 289 beta-galactoside-binding beta-galactoside-binding JJ 290 296 lectin lectin NN 297 307 previously previously RB 308 318 designated designate VBN 319 321 as as IN 322 329 epsilon epsilon NN 330 332 BP BP NNP 333 334 ( ( ( 334 345 IgE-binding ige-binding JJ 346 353 protein protein NN 353 354 ) ) ) 354 355 , , , 356 361 CBP35 CBP35 NNP 361 362 , , , 363 368 Mac-2 Mac-2 NNP 368 369 , , , 370 374 L-29 L-29 NNP 374 375 , , , 376 379 and and CC 380 384 L-34 l-34 NN 384 385 , , , 386 389 and and CC 390 393 its its PRP$ 394 404 expression expression NN 405 408 has have VBZ 409 413 been be VBN 414 424 associated associate VBN 425 429 with with IN 430 437 various various JJ 438 451 physiological physiological JJ 452 455 and and CC 456 468 pathological pathological JJ 469 478 processes process NNS 478 479 , , , 480 489 including include VBG 490 494 cell cell NN 495 501 growth growth NN 501 502 , , , 503 508 tumor tumor NN 509 523 transformation transformation NN 523 524 , , , 525 528 and and CC 529 539 metastasis metastasis NN 539 540 . . . 541 551 Galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 552 554 is be VBZ 555 561 widely widely RB 562 573 distributed distribute VBN 574 576 in in IN 577 584 various various JJ 585 592 tissues tissue NNS 593 596 and and CC 597 601 cell cell NN 602 607 types type NNS 608 611 and and CC 612 614 is be VBZ 615 624 expressed express VBN 625 627 in in IN 628 632 many many JJ 633 643 leukocytes leukocyte NNS 643 644 , , , 645 649 with with IN 650 653 the the DT 654 661 notable notable JJ 662 671 exception exception NN 672 674 of of IN 675 676 B B NNP 677 680 and and CC 681 682 T t NN 683 694 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 694 695 . . . 696 698 We we PRP 699 702 now now RB 703 709 report report VBP 710 714 that that IN 715 725 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 726 728 is be VBZ 729 739 abundantly abundantly RB 740 749 expressed express VBN 750 752 in in IN 753 754 a a DT 755 761 number number NN 762 764 of of IN 765 770 human human JJ 771 772 T t NN 773 785 lymphotropic lymphotropic JJ 786 791 virus virus NN 792 793 ( ( ( 793 809 HTLV)-I-infected htlv)-i-infected JJ 810 815 human human JJ 816 817 T t NN 818 822 cell cell NN 823 828 lines line NNS 828 829 , , , 830 839 including include VBG 840 843 F6T F6T NNP 843 844 , , , 845 848 HUT HUT NNP 849 852 102 102 CD 852 853 , , , 854 857 K3T K3T NNP 857 858 , , , 859 863 MT-2 MT-2 NNP 863 864 , , , 865 868 and and CC 869 874 SLB-I SLB-I NNP 874 875 , , , 876 879 but but CC 880 882 is be VBZ 883 886 not not RB 887 896 expressed express VBN 897 899 in in IN 900 919 non-HTLV-I-infected non-htlv-i-infected JJ 920 921 T t NN 922 926 cell cell NN 927 932 lines line NNS 933 937 such such JJ 938 940 as as IN 941 947 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 947 948 , , , 949 952 CEM CEM NNP 952 953 , , , 954 957 and and CC 958 964 MOLT-4 molt-4 NN 964 965 . . . 966 968 In in IN 969 977 addition addition NN 977 978 , , , 979 982 the the DT 983 993 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 994 999 level level NN 1000 1003 was be VBD 1004 1012 markedly markedly RB 1013 1022 increased increase VBN 1023 1025 in in IN 1026 1031 human human JJ 1032 1042 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 1043 1048 after after IN 1049 1058 infection infection NN 1059 1063 with with IN 1064 1070 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 1071 1073 as as IN 1074 1082 compared compare VBN 1083 1087 with with IN 1088 1098 uninfected uninfected JJ 1099 1109 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 1109 1110 . . . 1111 1114 The the DT 1115 1128 up-regulation up-regulation NN 1129 1131 of of IN 1132 1142 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1143 1153 expression expression NN 1154 1162 appeared appear VBD 1163 1165 to to TO 1166 1175 correlate correlate VB 1176 1180 well well RB 1181 1185 with with IN 1186 1192 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 1193 1197 gene gene NN 1198 1208 expression expression NN 1208 1209 , , , 1210 1212 as as IN 1213 1225 undetectable undetectable JJ 1226 1228 or or CC 1229 1233 very very RB 1234 1237 low low JJ 1238 1244 levels level NNS 1245 1247 of of IN 1248 1258 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1259 1263 were be VBD 1264 1269 found find VBN 1270 1272 in in IN 1273 1276 the the DT 1277 1280 S1T S1T NNP 1281 1284 and and CC 1285 1291 ATL-1K ATL-1K NNP 1292 1296 cell cell NN 1297 1302 lines line NNS 1302 1303 , , , 1304 1309 which which WDT 1310 1313 are be VBP 1314 1329 nonproductively nonproductively RB 1330 1338 infected infect VBN 1339 1343 with with IN 1344 1350 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 1350 1351 . . . 1352 1354 In in IN 1355 1370 co-transfection co-transfection NN 1371 1382 experiments experiment NNS 1382 1383 , , , 1384 1387 the the DT 1388 1398 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1399 1407 promoter promoter NN 1408 1411 was be VBD 1412 1425 significantly significantly RB 1426 1438 up-regulated up-regulate VBN 1439 1441 by by IN 1442 1452 expression expression NN 1453 1460 vectors vector NNS 1461 1469 encoding encode VBG 1470 1473 the the DT 1474 1479 40-kd 40-kd JJ 1480 1483 Tax tax NN 1484 1491 protein protein NN 1491 1492 , , , 1493 1494 a a DT 1495 1501 potent potent JJ 1502 1516 transactivator transactivator NN 1517 1519 in in IN 1520 1526 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 1526 1527 . . . 1528 1536 Analysis Analysis NNP 1537 1539 of of IN 1540 1547 various various JJ 1548 1551 Tax Tax NNP 1552 1559 mutants mutant NNS 1560 1569 suggested suggest VBD 1570 1574 that that IN 1575 1585 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1586 1594 promoter promoter NN 1595 1604 induction induction NN 1605 1607 is be VBZ 1608 1617 dependent dependent JJ 1618 1620 on on IN 1621 1631 activation activation NN 1632 1634 of of IN 1635 1638 the the DT 1639 1660 cyclic-AMP-responsive cyclic-amp-responsive JJ 1661 1668 element element NN 1669 1676 binding binding NN 1677 1695 protein/activation protein/activation NN 1696 1709 transcription transcription NN 1710 1716 factor factor NN 1717 1723 family family NN 1724 1726 of of IN 1727 1740 transcription transcription NN 1741 1748 factors factor NNS 1749 1752 and and CC 1752 1753 , , , 1754 1756 to to TO 1757 1758 a a DT 1759 1765 lesser less JJR 1766 1772 extent extent NN 1772 1773 , , , 1774 1781 nuclear nuclear JJ 1782 1794 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 1795 1800 B/Rel B/Rel NNP 1801 1810 induction induction NN 1810 1811 . . . 1812 1824 Transfection transfection NN 1825 1827 of of IN 1828 1833 human human JJ 1834 1846 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 1847 1852 U-937 u-937 NN 1853 1858 cells cell NNS 1859 1863 with with IN 1864 1866 an an DT 1867 1873 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 1874 1877 Tax Tax NNP 1878 1888 expression expression NN 1889 1895 vector vector NN 1896 1903 induced induce VBD 1904 1914 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1915 1925 expression expression NN 1926 1928 in in IN 1929 1933 this this DT 1934 1938 cell cell NN 1939 1943 line line NN 1943 1944 . . . 1945 1957 Functionally functionally RB 1957 1958 , , , 1959 1969 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 1970 1973 was be VBD 1974 1979 shown show VBN 1980 1982 to to TO 1983 1991 activate activate VB 1992 2005 interleukin-2 interleukin-2 NN 2006 2016 production production NN 2017 2019 in in IN 2020 2026 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 2027 2028 T t NN 2029 2034 cells cell NNS 2034 2035 . . . 2036 2044 Together together RB 2044 2045 , , , 2046 2051 these these DT 2052 2060 findings finding NNS 2061 2066 raise raise VBP 2067 2070 the the DT 2071 2082 possibility possibility NN 2083 2087 that that IN 2088 2094 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 2095 2098 Tax Tax NNP 2099 2109 production production NN 2110 2117 induces induce VBZ 2118 2121 the the DT 2122 2135 transcription transcription NN 2136 2139 and and CC 2140 2150 subsequent subsequent JJ 2151 2160 synthesis synthesis NN 2161 2164 and and CC 2165 2174 secretion secretion NN 2175 2177 of of IN 2178 2188 galectin-3 galectin-3 NN 2188 2189 , , , 2190 2195 which which WDT 2196 2198 in in IN 2199 2203 turn turn NN 2204 2207 may may MD 2208 2215 further further RB 2216 2224 activate activate VB 2225 2230 these these DT 2231 2232 T t NN 2233 2238 cells cell NNS 2239 2242 and and CC 2243 2253 contribute contribute VBP 2254 2256 to to TO 2257 2260 the the DT 2261 2268 altered alter VBN 2269 2279 properties property NNS 2280 2282 of of IN 2283 2287 cell cell NN 2288 2294 growth growth NN 2295 2300 found find VBN 2301 2303 in in IN 2304 2309 adult adult JJ 2310 2311 T t NN 2312 2316 cell cell NN 2317 2325 leukemia leukemia NN 2326 2333 induced induce VBN 2334 2336 by by IN 2337 2343 HTLV-I HTLV-I NNP 2343 2344 . . .