0 5 Tumor tumor NN 6 14 necrosis necrosis NN 15 21 factor factor NN 22 30 receptor receptor NN 31 41 expression expression NN 42 45 and and CC 46 52 signal signal NN 53 65 transduction transduction NN 66 68 in in IN 69 83 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 84 89 cells cell NNS 89 90 . . . 92 101 OBJECTIVE objective NN 101 102 : : : 103 105 To to TO 106 113 examine examine VB 114 117 the the DT 118 136 inter-relationship inter-relationship NN 137 144 between between IN 145 150 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 151 160 infection infection NN 161 164 and and CC 165 168 the the DT 169 173 cell cell NN 174 181 surface surface NN 182 191 receptors receptor NNS 192 195 for for IN 196 201 tumor tumor NN 202 210 necrosis necrosis NN 211 217 factor factor NN 218 219 ( ( ( 219 229 TNF)-alpha TNF)-alpha NNP 229 230 , , , 231 233 an an DT 234 250 immunoregulatory immunoregulatory JJ 251 259 cytokine cytokine NN 260 264 that that WDT 265 268 can can MD 269 276 enhance enhance VB 277 282 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 283 294 replication replication NN 294 295 . . . 296 302 DESIGN design NN 302 303 : : : 304 312 Infected infected JJ 313 326 promyelocytic promyelocytic JJ 327 330 and and CC 331 343 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 344 349 cells cell NNS 350 354 were be VBD 355 363 examined examine VBN 364 371 because because IN 372 376 they they PRP 377 385 normally normally RB 386 393 express express VBP 394 398 both both DT 399 404 types type NNS 405 407 of of IN 408 411 TNF TNF NNP 412 421 receptors receptor NNS 421 422 . . . 423 430 METHODS methods NNS 430 431 : : : 432 435 TNF TNF NNP 436 444 receptor receptor NN 445 452 surface surface NN 453 463 expression expression NN 464 467 was be VBD 468 478 determined determine VBN 479 481 by by IN 482 490 specific specific JJ 491 501 monoclonal monoclonal JJ 502 510 antibody antibody NN 511 522 recognition recognition NN 523 526 and and CC 527 531 flow flow NN 532 541 cytometry cytometry NN 541 542 , , , 543 546 and and CC 547 553 signal signal NN 554 566 transduction transduction NN 567 570 was be VBD 571 579 detected detect VBN 580 582 by by IN 583 586 gel gel NN 587 592 shift shift NN 593 601 analysis analysis NN 601 602 . . . 603 608 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 609 619 activation activation NN 620 623 and and CC 624 634 expression expression NN 635 638 was be VBD 639 650 quantitated quantitate VBN 651 653 by by IN 654 661 reverse reverse JJ 662 675 transcriptase transcriptase NN 676 681 assay assay NN 681 682 . . . 683 690 RESULTS results NNS 690 691 : : : 692 694 In in IN 695 698 the the DT 699 706 OM-10.1 om-10.1 NN 707 720 promyelocytic promyelocytic JJ 721 726 model model NN 727 729 of of IN 730 737 chronic chronic JJ 738 747 infection infection NN 747 748 , , , 749 766 TNF-alpha-induced tnf-alpha-induced JJ 767 772 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 773 783 expression expression NN 784 788 also also RB 789 797 resulted result VBD 798 800 in in IN 801 802 a a DT 803 814 substantial substantial JJ 815 823 increase increase NN 824 826 in in IN 827 829 75 75 CD 830 832 kd kd NN 833 836 TNF TNF NNP 837 845 receptor receptor NN 846 847 ( ( ( 847 851 TR75 TR75 NNP 851 852 ) ) ) 853 863 expression expression NN 864 872 although although IN 873 875 55 55 CD 876 878 kD kd NN 879 882 TNF TNF NNP 883 891 receptor receptor NN 892 893 ( ( ( 893 897 TR55 TR55 NNP 897 898 ) ) ) 899 905 levels level NNS 906 910 were be VBD 911 914 not not RB 915 927 dramatically dramatically RB 928 935 altered alter VBN 935 936 . . . 937 938 A a DT 939 945 series series NN 946 948 of of IN 949 959 uninfected uninfected JJ 960 968 parental parental JJ 969 974 HL-60 hl-60 NN 975 984 subclones subclone NNS 985 988 all all DT 989 996 reduced reduce VBN 997 1001 TR75 tr75 NN 1002 1009 surface surface NN 1010 1020 expression expression NN 1021 1023 in in IN 1024 1032 response response NN 1033 1035 to to TO 1036 1045 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1046 1055 treatment treatment NN 1055 1056 . . . 1057 1065 Enhanced enhance VBN 1066 1070 TR75 tr75 NN 1071 1081 expression expression NN 1082 1084 on on IN 1085 1092 OM-10.1 om-10.1 NN 1093 1098 cells cell NNS 1099 1107 followed follow VBD 1108 1111 the the DT 1112 1116 same same JJ 1117 1131 TNF-alpha-dose tnf-alpha-dose NN 1132 1142 dependency dependency NN 1143 1145 as as IN 1146 1150 that that DT 1151 1159 observed observe VBN 1160 1163 for for IN 1164 1169 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1170 1180 production production NN 1180 1181 . . . 1182 1184 An an DT 1185 1193 increase increase NN 1194 1196 in in IN 1197 1201 TR75 TR75 NNP 1202 1212 expression expression NN 1213 1216 was be VBD 1217 1221 also also RB 1222 1229 evident evident JJ 1230 1236 during during IN 1237 1240 the the DT 1241 1245 peak peak NN 1246 1248 of of IN 1249 1251 an an DT 1252 1257 acute acute JJ 1258 1263 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1264 1273 infection infection NN 1274 1276 of of IN 1277 1282 HL-60 HL-60 NNP 1283 1296 promyelocytes promyelocyte NNS 1296 1297 . . . 1298 1306 Although although IN 1307 1311 TR55 TR55 NNP 1312 1322 expression expression NN 1323 1326 was be VBD 1327 1336 unaltered unaltered JJ 1337 1343 during during IN 1344 1361 TNF-alpha-induced tnf-alpha-induced JJ 1362 1365 HIV HIV NNP 1366 1376 activation activation NN 1376 1377 , , , 1378 1382 this this DT 1383 1391 receptor receptor NN 1392 1395 was be VBD 1396 1401 still still RB 1402 1410 involved involve VBN 1411 1413 in in IN 1414 1417 the the DT 1418 1423 viral viral JJ 1424 1434 activation activation NN 1435 1442 process process NN 1442 1443 . . . 1444 1452 Antibody antibody NN 1453 1466 cross-linking cross-linking NN 1467 1469 of of IN 1470 1474 TR55 TR55 NNP 1474 1475 , , , 1476 1478 in in IN 1479 1482 the the DT 1483 1490 absence absence NN 1491 1493 of of IN 1494 1503 exogenous exogenous JJ 1504 1513 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1513 1514 , , , 1515 1522 induced induce VBD 1523 1530 maximal maximal JJ 1531 1536 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1537 1547 expression expression NN 1547 1548 , , , 1549 1551 an an DT 1552 1565 up-modulation up-modulation NN 1566 1568 of of IN 1569 1576 surface surface NN 1577 1581 TR75 tr75 NN 1581 1582 , , , 1583 1586 and and CC 1587 1594 nuclear nuclear JJ 1595 1603 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1604 1605 B B NNP 1606 1614 activity activity NN 1615 1617 in in IN 1618 1625 OM-10.1 om-10.1 NN 1626 1634 cultures culture NNS 1634 1635 . . . 1636 1648 Surprisingly surprisingly RB 1648 1649 , , , 1650 1654 this this DT 1655 1658 was be VBD 1659 1662 the the DT 1663 1667 case case NN 1668 1672 even even RB 1673 1677 when when WRB 1678 1680 an an DT 1681 1693 antagonistic antagonistic JJ 1694 1703 anti-TR55 anti-tr55 JJ 1704 1712 antibody antibody NN 1713 1716 was be VBD 1717 1721 used use VBN 1721 1722 . . . 1723 1732 Anti-TR55 anti-tr55 JJ 1733 1741 antibody antibody NN 1742 1755 cross-linking cross-linking NN 1756 1758 in in IN 1759 1770 chronically chronically RB 1771 1779 infected infected JJ 1780 1782 U1 u1 NN 1783 1795 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 1796 1804 cultures culture NNS 1805 1810 could could MD 1811 1815 only only RB 1816 1825 partially partially RB 1826 1836 substitute substitute VB 1837 1840 for for IN 1841 1858 TNF-alpha-induced tnf-alpha-induced JJ 1859 1864 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1865 1875 expression expression NN 1875 1876 . . . 1877 1888 CONCLUSIONS conclusions NNS 1888 1889 : : : 1890 1893 Our our PRP$ 1894 1901 results result NNS 1902 1914 demonstrated demonstrate VBD 1915 1919 that that IN 1920 1925 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1926 1935 infection infection NN 1936 1939 can can MD 1940 1951 selectively selectively RB 1952 1961 influence influence VB 1962 1965 the the DT 1966 1973 surface surface NN 1974 1984 expression expression NN 1985 1987 of of IN 1988 1991 TNF TNF NNP 1992 2001 receptors receptor NNS 2001 2002 , , , 2003 2014 potentially potentially RB 2015 2026 influencing influence VBG 2027 2030 its its PRP$ 2031 2034 own own JJ 2035 2045 expression expression NN 2046 2049 and and CC 2050 2058 altering alter VBG 2059 2065 normal normal JJ 2066 2082 immunoregulatory immunoregulatory JJ 2083 2089 signal signal NN 2090 2102 transduction transduction NN 2102 2103 . . .