0 5 Human human JJ 6 22 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 23 30 viruses virus NNS 31 41 containing contain VBG 42 54 heterologous heterologous JJ 55 73 enhancer/promoters enhancer/promoter NNS 74 77 are be VBP 78 89 replication replication NN 90 99 competent competent JJ 100 103 and and CC 104 111 exhibit exhibit VBP 112 121 different different JJ 122 132 lymphocyte lymphocyte NN 133 141 tropisms tropism NNS 141 142 . . . 144 147 The the DT 148 153 human human JJ 154 170 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 171 176 virus virus NN 177 178 ( ( ( 178 181 HIV HIV NNP 181 182 ) ) ) 183 187 type type NN 188 189 1 1 CD 190 194 long long JJ 195 203 terminal terminal JJ 204 210 repeat repeat NN 211 212 ( ( ( 212 215 LTR LTR NNP 215 216 ) ) ) 217 225 contains contain VBZ 226 233 binding bind VBG 234 239 sites site NNS 240 243 for for IN 244 251 nuclear nuclear JJ 252 258 factor factor NN 259 264 kappa kappa NN 265 266 B B NNP 267 268 ( ( ( 268 276 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 277 278 B B NNP 278 279 ) ) ) 280 283 and and CC 284 287 the the DT 288 302 constitutively constitutively RB 303 312 expressed express VBN 313 326 transcription transcription NN 327 333 factor factor NN 334 337 Sp1 sp1 NN 337 338 , , , 339 343 both both DT 344 346 of of IN 347 352 which which WDT 353 356 are be VBP 357 363 highly highly RB 364 373 conserved conserve VBN 374 376 in in IN 377 380 HIV HIV NNP 381 384 and and CC 385 391 simian simian JJ 392 408 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 409 414 virus virus NN 415 423 isolates isolate NNS 423 424 . . . 425 427 To to TO 428 437 delineate delineate VB 438 441 the the DT 442 449 effects effect NNS 450 452 of of IN 453 458 these these DT 459 465 motifs motif NNS 466 468 on on IN 469 472 the the DT 473 484 replicative replicative JJ 485 493 capacity capacity NN 494 496 of of IN 497 500 HIV HIV NNP 501 504 and and CC 505 507 to to TO 508 515 explore explore VB 516 519 the the DT 520 531 possibility possibility NN 532 534 of of IN 535 544 extending extend VBG 545 548 the the DT 549 554 virus virus NN 555 559 host host NN 560 565 range range NN 565 566 , , , 567 572 known know VBN 573 585 heterologous heterologous JJ 586 604 enhancer/promoters enhancer/promoter NNS 605 609 were be VBD 610 618 inserted insert VBN 619 623 into into IN 624 627 the the DT 628 633 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 634 637 LTR LTR NNP 638 640 in in IN 641 646 place place NN 647 649 of of IN 650 653 the the DT 654 662 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 663 664 B B NNP 665 668 and and CC 669 672 Sp1 sp1 NN 673 680 binding binding NN 681 686 sites site NNS 686 687 . . . 688 691 The the DT 692 699 effects effect NNS 700 702 of of IN 703 708 these these DT 709 722 substitutions substitution NNS 723 725 on on IN 726 731 viral viral JJ 732 743 replication replication NN 744 746 in in IN 747 758 transfected transfecte VBN 759 763 HeLa HeLa NNP 764 769 cells cell NNS 770 773 and and CC 774 776 on on IN 777 780 HIV HIV NNP 781 790 infection infection NN 791 793 of of IN 794 799 human human JJ 800 810 peripheral peripheral JJ 811 816 blood blood NN 817 828 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 829 831 or or CC 832 842 continuous continuous JJ 843 853 T-leukemia T-leukemia NNP 854 858 cell cell NN 859 864 lines line NNS 865 869 were be VBD 870 879 evaluated evaluate VBN 879 880 . . . 881 885 HIVs hiv NNS 886 888 in in IN 889 894 which which WDT 895 898 the the DT 899 907 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 908 913 B/Sp1 b/sp1 NN 914 922 enhancer enhancer NN 923 927 plus plus CC 928 931 the the DT 932 942 downstream downstream JJ 943 947 TATA TATA NNP 948 955 element element NN 956 960 were be VBD 961 969 replaced replace VBN 970 974 with with IN 975 987 heterologous heterologous JJ 988 1006 enhancer/promoters enhancer/promoter NNS 1007 1011 were be VBD 1012 1016 also also RB 1017 1028 constructed construct VBN 1028 1029 . . . 1030 1037 Viruses virus NNS 1038 1048 containing contain VBG 1049 1052 the the DT 1053 1058 human human JJ 1059 1074 cytomegalovirus cytomegalovirus NN 1075 1090 immediate-early immediate-early JJ 1091 1099 enhancer enhancer NN 1100 1109 exhibited exhibit VBD 1110 1120 infectious infectious JJ 1121 1129 kinetics kinetic NNS 1130 1137 similar similar JJ 1138 1140 to to TO 1141 1145 that that DT 1146 1148 of of IN 1149 1158 wild-type wild-type JJ 1159 1162 HIV hiv NN 1163 1165 in in IN 1166 1175 activated activate VBN 1176 1181 human human JJ 1182 1192 peripheral peripheral JJ 1193 1198 blood blood NN 1199 1210 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 1211 1214 and and CC 1215 1218 AA2 aa2 NN 1219 1224 cells cell NNS 1225 1228 but but CC 1229 1239 replicated replicate VBD 1240 1244 less less RBR 1245 1256 efficiently efficiently RB 1257 1259 in in IN 1260 1262 H9 H9 NNP 1263 1266 and and CC 1267 1270 CEM CEM NNP 1271 1276 cells cell NNS 1276 1277 . . . 1278 1283 These these DT 1284 1291 studies study NNS 1292 1300 indicate indicate VBP 1301 1305 that that IN 1306 1318 heterologous heterologous JJ 1319 1327 enhancer enhancer NN 1328 1336 elements element NNS 1337 1340 are be VBP 1341 1348 capable capable JJ 1349 1351 of of IN 1352 1361 restoring restore VBG 1362 1365 Tat tat NN 1366 1380 responsiveness responsiveness NN 1381 1383 to to TO 1384 1387 the the DT 1388 1391 HIV HIV NNP 1392 1395 LTR LTR NNP 1396 1398 in in IN 1399 1402 the the DT 1403 1410 context context NN 1411 1413 of of IN 1414 1423 directing direct VBG 1424 1432 reporter reporter NN 1433 1437 gene gene NN 1438 1448 expression expression NN 1449 1451 as as RB 1452 1456 well well RB 1457 1459 as as IN 1460 1462 in in IN 1463 1466 the the DT 1467 1477 production production NN 1478 1480 of of IN 1481 1491 infectious infectious JJ 1492 1499 progeny progeny NN 1500 1507 virions virion NNS 1507 1508 . . .