0 3 The the DT 4 9 c-rel c-rel NN 10 23 protooncogene protooncogene NN 24 31 product product NN 32 41 represses repress VBZ 42 50 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 51 52 B B NNP 53 65 p65-mediated p65-mediated JJ 66 81 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 82 92 activation activation NN 93 95 of of IN 96 99 the the DT 100 104 long long JJ 105 113 terminal terminal JJ 114 120 repeat repeat NN 121 123 of of IN 124 128 type type NN 129 130 1 1 CD 131 136 human human JJ 137 153 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 154 159 virus virus NN 159 160 . . . 162 165 The the DT 166 170 long long JJ 171 179 terminal terminal JJ 180 186 repeat repeat NN 187 188 ( ( ( 188 191 LTR LTR NNP 191 192 ) ) ) 193 195 of of IN 196 199 the the DT 200 204 type type NN 205 206 1 1 CD 207 212 human human JJ 213 229 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 230 235 virus virus NN 236 237 ( ( ( 237 242 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 242 243 ) ) ) 244 247 and and CC 248 251 the the DT 252 253 5 5 CD 253 254 ’ ' SYM 255 265 regulatory regulatory JJ 266 272 region region NN 273 275 of of IN 276 279 the the DT 280 284 gene gene NN 285 293 encoding encode VBG 294 297 the the DT 298 309 interleukin interleukin NN 310 311 2 2 CD 312 320 receptor receptor NN 321 326 alpha alpha NN 327 334 subunit subunit NN 335 336 ( ( ( 336 341 IL-2R IL-2R NNP 342 347 alpha alpha NN 347 348 ) ) ) 349 354 share share VBP 355 365 functional functional JJ 366 371 kappa kappa NN 372 373 B B NNP 374 382 enhancer enhancer NN 383 391 elements element NNS 392 400 involved involve VBN 401 403 in in IN 404 407 the the DT 408 418 regulation regulation NN 419 421 of of IN 422 427 these these DT 428 437 inducible inducible JJ 438 451 transcription transcription NN 452 457 units unit NNS 458 464 during during IN 465 471 T-cell t-cell NN 472 482 activation activation NN 482 483 . . . 484 489 These these DT 490 495 kappa kappa NN 496 497 B B NNP 498 506 enhancer enhancer NN 507 515 elements element NNS 516 519 are be VBP 520 530 recognized recognize VBN 531 533 by by IN 534 535 a a DT 536 548 structurally structurally RB 549 556 related related JJ 557 563 family family NN 564 566 of of IN 567 578 interactive interactive JJ 579 587 proteins protein NNS 588 592 that that WDT 593 601 includes include VBZ 602 605 p50 p50 NN 605 606 , , , 607 610 p65 p65 NN 610 611 , , , 612 615 and and CC 616 619 the the DT 620 627 product product NN 628 630 of of IN 631 634 the the DT 635 640 c-rel c-rel NN 641 654 protooncogene protooncogene NN 655 656 ( ( ( 656 661 c-Rel c-rel NN 661 662 ) ) ) 662 663 . . . 664 670 Recent recent JJ 671 682 biochemical biochemical JJ 683 690 studies study NNS 691 695 have have VBP 696 701 shown show VBN 702 706 that that IN 707 710 p65 p65 NN 711 714 and and CC 715 718 p50 p50 NN 719 723 form form VBP 724 727 the the DT 728 740 prototypical prototypical JJ 741 749 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 750 751 B B NNP 752 759 complex complex NN 759 760 , , , 761 766 which which WDT 767 769 is be VBZ 770 777 rapidly rapidly RB 778 790 translocated translocate VBN 791 795 from from IN 796 799 the the DT 800 809 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN 810 812 to to TO 813 816 the the DT 817 824 nucleus nucleus NN 825 831 during during IN 832 838 T-cell t-cell NN 839 849 activation activation NN 849 850 . . . 851 855 This this DT 856 869 intracellular intracellular JJ 870 879 signaling signaling NN 880 887 complex complex NN 888 896 potently potently RB 897 907 stimulates stimulate VBZ 908 913 kappa kappa NN 914 924 B-directed b-directed JJ 925 938 transcription transcription NN 939 943 from from IN 944 950 either either CC 951 954 the the DT 955 960 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 961 964 LTR LTR NNP 965 967 or or CC 968 971 the the DT 972 977 IL-2R IL-2R NNP 978 983 alpha alpha NN 984 992 promoter promoter NN 993 996 via via IN 997 1000 the the DT 1001 1007 strong strong JJ 1008 1023 transactivation transactivation NN 1024 1030 domain domain NN 1031 1038 present present JJ 1039 1041 in in IN 1042 1045 p65 p65 NN 1045 1046 . . . 1047 1049 We we PRP 1050 1053 now now RB 1054 1065 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 1066 1070 that that IN 1071 1078 nuclear nuclear JJ 1079 1089 expression expression NN 1090 1092 of of IN 1093 1098 human human JJ 1099 1104 c-Rel c-rel NN 1104 1105 , , , 1106 1111 which which WDT 1112 1114 is be VBZ 1115 1122 induced induce VBN 1123 1125 by by IN 1126 1132 either either CC 1133 1140 phorbol phorbol NN 1141 1146 ester ester NN 1147 1149 or or CC 1150 1155 tumor tumor NN 1156 1164 necrosis necrosis NN 1165 1171 factor factor NN 1172 1177 alpha alpha NN 1178 1182 with with IN 1183 1190 delayed delay VBN 1191 1199 kinetics kinetic NNS 1200 1208 relative relative JJ 1209 1211 to to TO 1212 1215 p65 p65 NN 1215 1216 , , , 1217 1225 markedly markedly RB 1226 1235 represses repress VBZ 1236 1248 p65-mediated p65-mediated JJ 1249 1259 activation activation NN 1260 1262 of of IN 1263 1268 these these DT 1269 1282 transcription transcription NN 1283 1288 units unit NNS 1288 1289 . . . 1290 1295 These these DT 1296 1306 inhibitory inhibitory JJ 1307 1314 effects effect NNS 1315 1317 of of IN 1318 1323 c-Rel c-rel NN 1324 1333 correlate correlate VBP 1334 1338 with with IN 1339 1342 its its PRP$ 1343 1354 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1355 1363 activity activity NN 1364 1367 but but CC 1368 1371 not not RB 1372 1376 with with IN 1377 1380 its its PRP$ 1381 1388 ability ability NN 1389 1391 to to TO 1392 1406 heterodimerize heterodimerize VB 1407 1411 with with IN 1412 1415 p50 p50 NN 1415 1416 , , , 1417 1427 suggesting suggest VBG 1428 1432 that that IN 1433 1438 c-Rel c-rel NN 1439 1449 inhibition inhibition NN 1450 1458 involves involve VBZ 1459 1470 competition competition NN 1471 1475 with with IN 1476 1483 p50/p65 p50/p65 NN 1484 1487 for for IN 1488 1497 occupancy occupancy NN 1498 1500 of of IN 1501 1504 the the DT 1505 1510 kappa kappa NN 1511 1512 B B NNP 1513 1521 enhancer enhancer NN 1522 1529 element element NN 1529 1530 . . . 1531 1539 Together together RB 1539 1540 , , , 1541 1546 these these DT 1547 1555 findings finding NNS 1556 1563 suggest suggest VBP 1564 1568 that that IN 1569 1572 one one CD 1573 1581 function function NN 1582 1584 of of IN 1585 1590 c-Rel c-rel NN 1591 1593 is be VBZ 1594 1596 as as IN 1597 1598 a a DT 1599 1610 physiologic physiologic JJ 1611 1620 repressor repressor NN 1621 1623 of of IN 1624 1627 the the DT 1628 1633 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1634 1637 LTR LTR NNP 1638 1641 and and CC 1642 1647 IL-2R IL-2R NNP 1648 1653 alpha alpha NN 1654 1663 promoters promoter NNS 1663 1664 , , , 1665 1672 serving serve VBG 1673 1675 to to TO 1676 1687 efficiently efficiently RB 1688 1695 counter counter VB 1696 1699 the the DT 1700 1706 strong strong JJ 1707 1722 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1723 1733 activating activate VBG 1734 1741 effects effect NNS 1742 1744 of of IN 1745 1748 p65 p65 NN 1748 1749 . . .