0 10 Activation Activation NNP 11 13 of of IN 14 19 human human JJ 20 29 monocytic monocytic JJ 30 35 cells cell NNS 36 38 by by IN 39 48 Treponema treponema FW 49 57 pallidum pallidum FW 58 61 and and CC 62 70 Borrelia borrelia FW 71 82 burgdorferi burgdorferi FW 83 95 lipoproteins lipoprotein NNS 96 99 and and CC 100 109 synthetic synthetic JJ 110 122 lipopeptides lipopeptide NNS 123 131 proceeds proceed VBZ 132 135 via via IN 136 137 a a DT 138 145 pathway pathway NN 146 154 distinct distinct JJ 155 159 from from IN 160 164 that that DT 165 167 of of IN 168 186 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN 187 190 but but CC 191 199 involves involve VBZ 200 203 the the DT 204 219 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 220 229 activator activator NN 230 238 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 239 241 B. B. NNP 243 248 There there EX 249 251 is be VBZ 252 262 increasing increase VBG 263 271 evidence evidence NN 272 276 that that IN 277 289 lipoproteins lipoprotein NNS 290 292 of of IN 293 302 Treponema treponema FW 303 311 pallidum pallidum FW 312 315 and and CC 316 324 Borrelia borrelia FW 325 336 burgdorferi burgdorferi FW 337 340 are be VBP 341 344 key key JJ 345 357 inflammatory inflammatory JJ 358 367 mediators mediator NNS 368 374 during during IN 375 383 syphilis syphilis NN 384 387 and and CC 388 392 Lyme lyme NN 393 400 disease disease NN 400 401 . . . 402 403 A a DT 404 413 principal principal JJ 414 423 objective objective NN 424 426 of of IN 427 430 the the DT 431 438 present present JJ 439 444 study study NN 445 448 was be VBD 449 451 to to TO 452 460 identify identify VB 461 465 more more RBR 466 475 precisely precisely RB 476 488 similarities similarity NNS 489 492 and and CC 493 504 divergences divergence NNS 505 510 among among IN 511 529 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN 530 531 ( ( ( 531 536 LPS)- lps)- NN 537 540 and and CC 541 572 lipoprotein-lipopeptide-induced lipoprotein-lipopeptide-induced JJ 573 579 immune immune JJ 580 584 cell cell NN 585 594 signaling signaling NN 595 601 events event NNS 601 602 . . . 603 607 Like like IN 608 611 LPS LPS NNP 611 612 , , , 613 621 purified purify VBN 622 628 native native JJ 629 631 B. b. FW 632 643 burgdorferi burgdorferi FW 644 648 OspA OspA NNP 649 652 and and CC 653 662 synthetic synthetic JJ 663 670 analogs analog NNS 671 673 of of IN 674 678 OspA OspA NNP 678 679 , , , 680 684 OspB OspB NNP 684 685 , , , 686 689 and and CC 690 693 two two CD 694 696 T. t. FW 697 705 pallidum pallidum FW 706 718 lipoproteins lipoprotein NNS 719 720 ( ( ( 720 725 Tpp47 Tpp47 NNP 726 729 and and CC 730 735 Tpp17 Tpp17 NNP 735 736 ) ) ) 737 740 all all DT 741 748 induced induce VBD 749 757 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 758 759 B B NNP 760 773 translocation translocation NN 774 776 in in IN 777 782 THP-1 thp-1 NN 783 788 human human JJ 789 799 monocytoid monocytoid JJ 800 805 cells cell NNS 805 806 . . . 807 816 Acylation acylation NN 817 819 of of IN 820 824 OspA OspA NNP 825 828 and and CC 829 832 the the DT 833 842 synthetic synthetic JJ 843 851 peptides peptide NNS 852 855 was be VBD 856 865 requisite requisite JJ 866 869 for for IN 870 874 cell cell NN 875 885 activation activation NN 885 886 . . . 887 896 Polymyxin Polymyxin NNP 897 898 B B NNP 899 908 abrogated abrogate VBD 909 913 only only RB 914 917 the the DT 918 926 response response NN 927 929 to to TO 930 933 LPS LPS NNP 933 934 . . . 935 937 By by IN 938 943 using use VBG 944 957 70Z/3-derived 70z/3-derived JJ 958 968 pre-B-cell pre-b-cell NN 969 974 lines line NNS 975 981 either either CC 982 989 lacking lack VBG 990 992 or or CC 993 1003 expressing express VBG 1004 1009 human human JJ 1010 1014 CD14 cd14 NN 1015 1016 ( ( ( 1016 1019 the the DT 1020 1023 LPS LPS NNP 1024 1032 receptor receptor NN 1032 1033 ) ) ) 1033 1034 , , , 1035 1037 it it PRP 1038 1041 was be VBD 1042 1050 observed observe VBN 1051 1055 that that IN 1056 1066 expression expression NN 1067 1069 of of IN 1070 1075 human human JJ 1076 1080 CD14 cd14 NN 1081 1089 imparted impart VBD 1090 1104 responsiveness responsiveness NN 1105 1107 to to TO 1108 1111 LPS LPS NNP 1112 1115 but but CC 1116 1119 not not RB 1120 1122 to to TO 1123 1127 OspA OspA NNP 1128 1130 or or CC 1131 1142 spirochetal spirochetal JJ 1143 1155 lipopeptides lipopeptide NNS 1156 1157 ( ( ( 1157 1165 assessed assess VBN 1166 1168 by by IN 1169 1178 induction induction NN 1179 1181 of of IN 1182 1190 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1191 1192 B B NNP 1193 1196 and and CC 1197 1207 expression expression NN 1208 1210 of of IN 1211 1218 surface surface NN 1219 1233 immunoglobulin immunoglobulin NN 1234 1235 M M NNP 1235 1236 ) ) ) 1236 1237 . . . 1238 1245 Finally finally RB 1245 1246 , , , 1247 1250 the the DT 1251 1261 biological biological JJ 1262 1271 relevance relevance NN 1272 1274 of of IN 1275 1278 the the DT 1279 1290 observation observation NN 1291 1295 that that IN 1296 1298 T. t. FW 1299 1307 pallidum pallidum FW 1308 1333 lipoproteins-lipopeptides lipoproteins-lipopeptide NNS 1334 1340 induce induce VBP 1341 1345 both both CC 1346 1354 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1355 1356 B B NNP 1357 1360 and and CC 1361 1369 cytokine cytokine NN 1370 1380 production production NN 1381 1383 in in IN 1384 1393 monocytes monocyte NNS 1394 1397 was be VBD 1398 1407 supported support VBN 1408 1410 by by IN 1411 1414 the the DT 1415 1422 ability ability NN 1423 1425 of of IN 1426 1429 the the DT 1430 1439 synthetic synthetic JJ 1440 1447 analogs analog NNS 1448 1450 to to TO 1451 1458 promote promote VB 1459 1464 human human JJ 1465 1481 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 1482 1487 virus virus NN 1488 1499 replication replication NN 1500 1502 in in IN 1503 1514 chronically chronically RB 1515 1523 infected infected JJ 1524 1526 U1 u1 NN 1527 1537 monocytoid monocytoid JJ 1538 1543 cells cell NNS 1543 1544 ; ; : 1545 1550 these these DT 1551 1563 observations observation NNS 1564 1568 also also RB 1569 1576 suggest suggest VBP 1577 1578 a a DT 1579 1588 potential potential JJ 1589 1598 mechanism mechanism NN 1599 1606 whereby whereby WRB 1607 1608 a a DT 1609 1619 syphilitic syphilitic JJ 1620 1627 chancre chancre NN 1628 1631 can can MD 1632 1637 serve serve VB 1638 1640 as as IN 1641 1642 a a DT 1643 1651 cofactor cofactor NN 1652 1655 for for IN 1656 1661 human human JJ 1662 1678 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 1679 1684 virus virus NN 1685 1697 transmission transmission NN 1697 1698 . . . 1699 1702 The the DT 1703 1711 combined combined JJ 1712 1716 data datum NNS 1717 1721 lend lend VBP 1722 1732 additional additional JJ 1733 1740 support support NN 1741 1743 to to TO 1744 1747 the the DT 1748 1756 proposal proposal NN 1757 1761 that that IN 1762 1773 spirochetal spirochetal JJ 1774 1786 lipoproteins lipoprotein NNS 1787 1790 and and CC 1791 1794 LPS lps NN 1795 1803 initiate initiate VBP 1804 1812 monocyte monocyte NN 1813 1823 activation activation NN 1824 1827 via via IN 1828 1837 different different JJ 1838 1842 cell cell NN 1843 1850 surface surface NN 1851 1857 events event NNS 1858 1861 but but CC 1862 1866 that that IN 1867 1870 the the DT 1871 1880 signaling signaling NN 1881 1889 pathways pathway NNS 1890 1900 ultimately ultimately RB 1901 1909 converge converge VBP 1910 1912 to to TO 1913 1920 produce produce VB 1921 1934 qualitatively qualitatively RB 1935 1942 similar similar JJ 1943 1951 cellular cellular JJ 1952 1961 responses response NNS 1961 1962 . . .