0 14 Tcf-1-mediated tcf-1-mediated JJ 15 28 transcription transcription NN 29 31 in in IN 32 33 T t NN 34 45 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 45 46 : : : 47 59 differential differential JJ 60 64 role role NN 65 68 for for IN 69 77 glycogen glycogen NN 78 86 synthase synthase NN 87 95 kinase-3 kinase-3 NN 96 98 in in IN 99 110 fibroblasts fibroblast NNS 111 114 and and CC 115 116 T t NN 117 122 cells cell NNS 122 123 . . . 125 137 Beta-catenin Beta-catenin NNP 138 140 is be VBZ 141 144 the the DT 145 155 vertebrate vertebrate JJ 156 163 homolog homolog NN 164 166 of of IN 167 170 the the DT 171 181 Drosophila drosophila FW 182 189 segment segment NN 190 198 polarity polarity NN 199 203 gene gene NN 204 213 Armadillo Armadillo NNP 214 217 and and CC 218 223 plays play VBZ 224 229 roles role NNS 230 232 in in IN 233 237 both both CC 238 247 cell-cell cell-cell JJ 248 256 adhesion adhesion NN 257 260 and and CC 261 273 transduction transduction NN 274 276 of of IN 277 280 the the DT 281 284 Wnt wnt NN 285 294 signaling signaling NN 295 302 cascade cascade NN 302 303 . . . 304 312 Recently recently RB 312 313 , , , 314 321 members member NNS 322 324 of of IN 325 328 the the DT 329 336 Lef/Tcf Lef/Tcf NNP 337 350 transcription transcription NN 351 357 factor factor NN 358 364 family family NN 365 369 have have VBP 370 374 been be VBN 375 385 identified identify VBN 386 388 as as IN 389 396 protein protein NN 397 405 partners partner NNS 406 408 of of IN 409 421 beta-catenin beta-catenin NN 421 422 , , , 423 433 explaining explain VBG 434 437 how how WRB 438 450 beta-catenin beta-catenin NN 451 457 alters alter VBZ 458 462 gene gene NN 463 473 expression expression NN 473 474 . . . 475 479 Here here RB 480 482 we we PRP 483 489 report report VBP 490 494 that that IN 495 497 in in IN 498 499 T t NN 500 505 cells cell NNS 505 506 , , , 507 512 Tcf-1 Tcf-1 NNP 513 517 also also RB 518 525 becomes become VBZ 526 543 transcriptionally transcriptionally RB 544 550 active active JJ 551 558 through through IN 559 570 interaction interaction NN 571 575 with with IN 576 588 beta-catenin beta-catenin NN 588 589 , , , 590 600 suggesting suggest VBG 601 605 that that IN 606 609 the the DT 610 613 Wnt Wnt NNP 614 620 signal signal NN 621 633 transduction transduction NN 634 641 pathway pathway NN 642 644 is be VBZ 645 656 operational operational JJ 657 659 in in IN 660 661 T t NN 662 673 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 674 676 as as RB 677 681 well well RB 681 682 . . . 683 690 However however RB 690 691 , , , 692 700 although although IN 701 704 Wnt Wnt NNP 705 712 signals signal NNS 713 716 are be VBP 717 722 known know VBN 723 725 to to TO 726 733 inhibit inhibit VB 734 737 the the DT 738 746 activity activity NN 747 749 of of IN 750 753 the the DT 754 762 negative negative JJ 763 773 regulatory regulatory JJ 774 781 protein protein NN 782 788 kinase kinase NNP 789 797 glycogen glycogen NN 798 806 synthase synthase NN 807 819 kinase-3beta kinase-3beta NN 820 821 ( ( ( 821 830 GSK-3beta GSK-3beta NNP 830 831 ) ) ) 831 832 , , , 833 842 resulting result VBG 843 845 in in IN 846 855 increased increase VBN 856 862 levels level NNS 863 865 of of IN 866 878 beta-catenin beta-catenin NN 878 879 , , , 880 882 we we PRP 883 887 find find VBP 888 890 no no DT 891 899 evidence evidence NN 900 903 for for IN 904 915 involvement involvement NN 916 918 of of IN 919 928 GSK-3beta GSK-3beta NNP 929 931 in in IN 932 944 Tcf-mediated tcf-mediated JJ 945 958 transcription transcription NN 959 961 in in IN 962 963 T t NN 964 969 cells cell NNS 969 970 . . . 971 975 That that DT 976 978 is be VBZ 978 979 , , , 980 981 a a DT 982 990 dominant dominant JJ 991 999 negative negative JJ 1000 1009 GSK-3beta gsk-3beta NN 1010 1014 does do VBZ 1015 1018 not not RB 1019 1031 specifically specifically RB 1032 1040 activate activate VB 1041 1044 Tcf Tcf NNP 1045 1058 transcription transcription NN 1059 1062 and and CC 1063 1070 stimuli stimulus NNS 1071 1072 ( ( ( 1072 1079 lithium lithium NN 1080 1082 or or CC 1083 1101 phytohemagglutinin phytohemagglutinin NN 1101 1102 ) ) ) 1103 1107 that that WDT 1108 1115 inhibit inhibit VBP 1116 1125 GSK-3beta GSK-3beta NNP 1126 1134 activity activity NN 1135 1139 also also RB 1140 1142 do do VBP 1143 1146 not not RB 1147 1155 activate activate VB 1156 1159 Tcf Tcf NNP 1160 1168 reporter reporter NN 1169 1174 genes gene NNS 1174 1175 . . . 1176 1180 Thus thus RB 1180 1181 , , , 1182 1192 inhibition inhibition NN 1193 1195 of of IN 1196 1205 GSK-3beta GSK-3beta NNP 1206 1208 is be VBZ 1209 1221 insufficient insufficient JJ 1222 1224 to to TO 1225 1233 activate activate VB 1234 1247 Tcf-dependent tcf-dependent JJ 1248 1261 transcription transcription NN 1262 1264 in in IN 1265 1266 T t NN 1267 1278 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 1278 1279 . . . 1280 1282 In in IN 1283 1291 contrast contrast NN 1291 1292 , , , 1293 1295 in in IN 1296 1301 C57MG c57mg NN 1302 1312 fibroblast fibroblast NN 1313 1318 cells cell NNS 1318 1319 , , , 1320 1327 lithium lithium NN 1328 1339 inactivates inactivate VBZ 1340 1349 GSK-3beta GSK-3beta NNP 1350 1353 and and CC 1354 1361 induces induce VBZ 1362 1376 Tcf-controlled tcf-controlled JJ 1377 1390 transcription transcription NN 1390 1391 . . . 1392 1396 This this DT 1397 1399 is be VBZ 1400 1403 the the DT 1404 1409 first first JJ 1410 1423 demonstration demonstration NN 1424 1428 that that IN 1429 1436 lithium lithium NN 1437 1440 can can MD 1441 1446 alter alter VB 1447 1451 gene gene NN 1452 1462 expression expression NN 1463 1465 of of IN 1466 1480 Tcf-responsive tcf-responsive JJ 1481 1486 genes gene NNS 1486 1487 , , , 1488 1491 and and CC 1492 1498 points point VBZ 1499 1501 to to TO 1502 1503 a a DT 1504 1514 difference difference NN 1515 1517 in in IN 1518 1528 regulation regulation NN 1529 1531 of of IN 1532 1535 Wnt Wnt NNP 1536 1545 signaling signaling NN 1546 1553 between between IN 1554 1565 fibroblasts fibroblast NNS 1566 1569 and and CC 1570 1581 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 1581 1582 . . .