0 9 Signaling signal VBG 10 17 through through IN 18 21 the the DT 22 38 lymphotoxin-beta lymphotoxin-beta NN 39 47 receptor receptor NN 48 58 stimulates stimulate VBZ 59 64 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 65 76 replication replication NN 77 82 alone alone RB 83 86 and and CC 87 89 in in IN 90 101 cooperation cooperation NN 102 106 with with IN 107 114 soluble soluble JJ 115 117 or or CC 118 132 membrane-bound membrane-bound JJ 133 142 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 142 143 . . . 145 148 The the DT 149 154 level level NN 155 157 of of IN 158 165 ongoing ongoing JJ 166 171 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 172 183 replication replication NN 184 190 within within IN 191 193 an an DT 194 204 individual individual NN 205 207 is be VBZ 208 216 critical critical JJ 217 219 to to TO 220 225 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 226 238 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 238 239 . . . 240 245 Among among IN 246 250 host host NN 251 257 immune immune JJ 258 265 factors factor NNS 265 266 , , , 267 270 the the DT 271 279 cytokine cytokine NN 280 289 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 290 293 has have VBZ 294 304 previously previously RB 305 309 been be VBN 310 315 shown show VBN 316 318 to to TO 319 327 increase increase VB 328 333 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 334 345 replication replication NN 346 348 in in IN 349 356 various various JJ 357 365 monocyte monocyte NN 366 369 and and CC 370 371 T t NN 372 376 cell cell NN 377 382 model model NN 383 390 systems system NNS 390 391 . . . 392 396 Here here RB 396 397 , , , 398 400 we we PRP 401 412 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 413 417 that that IN 418 427 signaling signaling NN 428 435 through through IN 436 439 the the DT 440 443 TNF TNF NNP 444 452 receptor receptor NN 453 459 family family NN 460 466 member member NN 466 467 , , , 468 471 the the DT 472 488 lymphotoxin-beta lymphotoxin-beta NN 489 490 ( ( ( 490 497 LT-beta LT-beta NNP 497 498 ) ) ) 499 507 receptor receptor NN 508 509 ( ( ( 509 517 LT-betaR LT-betaR NNP 517 518 ) ) ) 518 519 , , , 520 524 also also RB 525 534 regulates regulate VBZ 535 540 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 541 552 replication replication NN 552 553 . . . 554 565 Furthermore furthermore RB 565 566 , , , 567 572 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 573 584 replication replication NN 585 587 is be VBZ 588 601 cooperatively cooperatively RB 602 612 stimulated stimulate VBN 613 617 when when WRB 618 621 the the DT 622 630 distinct distinct JJ 631 639 LT-betaR lt-betar NN 640 643 and and CC 644 647 TNF TNF NNP 648 656 receptor receptor NN 657 664 systems system NNS 665 668 are be VBP 669 683 simultaneously simultaneously RB 684 691 engaged engage VBN 692 694 by by IN 695 700 their their PRP$ 701 709 specific specific JJ 710 717 ligands ligand NNS 717 718 . . . 719 727 Moreover moreover RB 727 728 , , , 729 731 in in IN 732 733 a a DT 734 747 physiological physiological JJ 748 757 coculture coculture NN 758 766 cellular cellular JJ 767 772 assay assay NN 773 779 system system NN 779 780 , , , 781 783 we we PRP 784 788 show show VBP 789 793 that that IN 794 808 membrane-bound membrane-bound JJ 809 818 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 819 822 and and CC 823 837 LT-alpha1beta2 lt-alpha1beta2 NN 838 841 act act VBP 842 851 virtually virtually RB 852 863 identically identically RB 864 866 to to TO 867 872 their their PRP$ 873 880 soluble soluble JJ 881 886 forms form NNS 887 889 in in IN 890 893 the the DT 894 904 regulation regulation NN 905 907 of of IN 908 913 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 914 925 replication replication NN 925 926 . . . 927 931 Thus thus RB 931 932 , , , 933 944 cosignaling cosignale VBG 945 948 via via IN 949 952 the the DT 953 960 LT-beta LT-beta NNP 961 964 and and CC 965 974 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 975 984 receptors receptor NNS 985 987 is be VBZ 988 996 probably probably RB 997 1005 involved involve VBN 1006 1008 in in IN 1009 1012 the the DT 1013 1023 modulation modulation NN 1024 1026 of of IN 1027 1032 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1033 1044 replication replication NN 1045 1048 and and CC 1049 1052 the the DT 1053 1063 subsequent subsequent JJ 1064 1077 determination determination NN 1078 1080 of of IN 1081 1086 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1087 1092 viral viral JJ 1093 1099 burden burden NN 1100 1102 in in IN 1103 1112 monocytes monocyte NNS 1112 1113 . . . 1114 1126 Intriguingly intriguingly RB 1126 1127 , , , 1128 1135 surface surface NN 1136 1146 expression expression NN 1147 1149 of of IN 1150 1164 LT-alpha1beta2 lt-alpha1beta2 NN 1165 1167 is be VBZ 1168 1180 up-regulated up-regulate VBN 1181 1183 on on IN 1184 1185 a a DT 1186 1187 T t NN 1188 1192 cell cell NN 1193 1197 line line NN 1198 1205 acutely acutely RB 1206 1214 infected infect VBN 1215 1219 with with IN 1220 1225 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1225 1226 , , , 1227 1237 suggesting suggest VBG 1238 1239 a a DT 1240 1248 positive positive JJ 1249 1257 feedback feedback NN 1258 1262 loop loop NN 1263 1270 between between IN 1271 1276 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1277 1286 infection infection NN 1286 1287 , , , 1288 1302 LT-alpha1beta2 lt-alpha1beta2 NN 1303 1313 expression expression NN 1313 1314 , , , 1315 1318 and and CC 1319 1324 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1325 1336 replication replication NN 1336 1337 . . . 1338 1343 Given give VBN 1344 1347 the the DT 1348 1356 critical critical JJ 1357 1361 role role NN 1362 1366 that that WDT 1367 1381 LT-alpha1beta2 lt-alpha1beta2 NN 1382 1387 plays play VBZ 1388 1390 in in IN 1391 1399 lymphoid lymphoid JJ 1400 1412 architecture architecture NN 1412 1413 , , , 1414 1416 we we PRP 1417 1426 speculate speculate VBP 1427 1431 that that IN 1432 1446 LT-alpha1beta2 lt-alpha1beta2 NN 1447 1450 may may MD 1451 1453 be be VB 1454 1462 involved involve VBN 1463 1465 in in IN 1466 1480 HIV-associated hiv-associated JJ 1481 1494 abnormalities abnormality NNS 1495 1497 of of IN 1498 1501 the the DT 1502 1510 lymphoid lymphoid JJ 1511 1517 organs organ NNS 1517 1518 . . .