0 8 Dopamine Dopamine NNP 9 19 stimulates stimulate VBZ 20 30 expression expression NN 31 33 of of IN 34 37 the the DT 38 43 human human JJ 44 60 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 61 66 virus virus NN 67 71 type type NN 72 73 1 1 CD 74 77 via via IN 78 87 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 88 90 in in IN 91 96 cells cell NNS 97 99 of of IN 100 103 the the DT 104 110 immune immune JJ 111 117 system system NN 117 118 . . . 120 126 Recent recent JJ 127 134 studies study NNS 135 139 have have VBP 140 148 reported report VBN 149 153 that that IN 154 165 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 166 173 produce produce VBP 173 174 , , , 175 184 transport transport VBP 185 188 and and CC 189 193 bind bind VBP 194 202 dopamine dopamine NN 203 210 present present JJ 211 213 in in IN 214 220 plasma plasma NN 220 221 . . . 222 229 However however RB 229 230 , , , 231 234 the the DT 235 241 action action NN 242 244 of of IN 245 253 dopamine dopamine NN 254 256 on on IN 257 262 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 263 267 gene gene NN 268 278 expression expression NN 279 281 in in IN 282 287 cells cell NNS 288 290 of of IN 291 294 the the DT 295 301 immune immune JJ 302 308 system system NN 309 312 has have VBZ 313 316 not not RB 317 320 yet yet RB 321 325 been be VBN 326 334 examined examine VBN 334 335 . . . 336 340 Here here RB 340 341 , , , 342 344 we we PRP 345 349 have have VBP 350 362 investigated investigate VBN 363 366 the the DT 367 377 regulation regulation NN 378 380 of of IN 381 386 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 387 397 expression expression NN 398 400 by by IN 401 409 dopamine dopamine NN 410 412 in in IN 413 419 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 420 421 T t NN 422 427 cells cell NNS 428 431 and and CC 432 434 in in IN 435 442 primary primary JJ 443 448 blood blood NN 449 460 mononuclear mononuclear JJ 461 466 cells cell NNS 467 468 ( ( ( 468 472 PBMC PBMC NNP 472 473 ) ) ) 473 474 . . . 475 480 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 481 492 replication replication NN 493 496 was be VBD 497 506 increased increase VBN 507 509 by by IN 510 518 dopamine dopamine NN 518 519 , , , 520 525 which which WDT 526 536 correlated correlate VBD 537 541 with with IN 542 545 the the DT 546 555 increased increase VBN 556 562 levels level NNS 563 565 of of IN 566 571 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 572 587 transactivation transactivation NN 587 588 . . . 589 592 Our our PRP$ 593 602 transient transient JJ 603 613 expression expression NN 614 618 data datum NNS 619 627 revealed reveal VBD 628 632 that that IN 633 641 dopamine dopamine NN 642 652 stimulated stimulate VBD 653 666 transcription transcription NN 667 674 through through IN 675 678 the the DT 679 688 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 689 696 element element NN 697 704 present present JJ 705 707 in in IN 708 711 the the DT 712 716 long long JJ 717 725 terminal terminal JJ 726 732 repeat repeat NN 732 733 . . . 734 737 The the DT 738 748 importance importance NN 749 751 of of IN 752 761 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 762 767 sites site NNS 768 771 was be VBD 772 781 confirmed confirm VBN 782 784 by by IN 785 790 using use VBG 791 798 vectors vector NNS 799 809 containing contain VBG 810 819 wild-type wild-type JJ 820 822 or or CC 823 829 mutant mutant JJ 830 836 kappaB kappab NN 837 842 sites site NNS 843 845 in in IN 846 847 a a DT 848 860 heterologous heterologous JJ 861 869 promoter promoter NN 869 870 . . . 871 881 Consistent consistent JJ 882 886 with with IN 887 890 the the DT 891 895 role role NN 896 898 of of IN 899 908 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 909 911 in in IN 912 921 mediating mediate VBG 922 930 dopamine dopamine NN 931 945 responsiveness responsiveness NN 945 946 , , , 947 950 the the DT 951 961 proteasome proteasome NN 962 971 inhibitor inhibitor NN 972 977 MG132 mg132 NN 978 987 abolished abolish VBD 988 1004 dopamine-induced dopamine-induced JJ 1005 1020 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1021 1031 activation activation NN 1031 1032 . . . 1033 1035 We we PRP 1036 1043 further further RB 1044 1052 explored explore VBD 1053 1056 the the DT 1057 1063 effect effect NN 1064 1066 of of IN 1067 1075 dopamine dopamine NN 1076 1078 in in IN 1079 1082 the the DT 1083 1091 presence presence NN 1092 1094 of of IN 1095 1102 phorbol phorbol NN 1103 1109 esters ester NNS 1110 1112 or or CC 1113 1118 tumor tumor NN 1119 1127 necrosis necrosis NN 1128 1140 factor-alpha factor-alpha NN 1141 1142 ( ( ( 1142 1151 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1151 1152 ) ) ) 1153 1158 known know VBN 1159 1161 to to TO 1162 1170 activate activate VB 1171 1180 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1180 1181 . . . 1182 1185 The the DT 1186 1197 combination combination NN 1198 1200 of of IN 1201 1209 dopamine dopamine NN 1210 1213 and and CC 1214 1223 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1224 1227 led lead VBD 1228 1230 to to TO 1231 1232 a a DT 1233 1244 stimulation stimulation NN 1245 1247 of of IN 1248 1253 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1254 1267 transcription transcription NN 1268 1271 and and CC 1272 1283 replication replication NN 1283 1284 . . . 1285 1292 However however RB 1292 1293 , , , 1294 1296 in in IN 1297 1305 contrast contrast NN 1306 1310 with with IN 1311 1320 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1320 1321 , , , 1322 1330 dopamine dopamine NN 1331 1340 treatment treatment NN 1341 1344 did do VBD 1345 1348 not not RB 1349 1355 affect affect VB 1356 1365 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1366 1369 DNA DNA NNP 1370 1377 binding binding NN 1378 1386 activity activity NN 1387 1390 nor nor CC 1391 1394 the the DT 1395 1409 concentrations concentration NNS 1410 1412 of of IN 1413 1416 p50 p50 NN 1416 1417 , , , 1418 1421 p65 p65 NN 1422 1425 and and CC 1426 1439 IkappaB-alpha IkappaB-alpha NNP 1440 1448 proteins protein NNS 1448 1449 , , , 1450 1455 which which WDT 1456 1464 suggests suggest VBZ 1465 1466 a a DT 1467 1475 distinct distinct JJ 1476 1485 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1486 1496 activation activation NN 1497 1506 mechanism mechanism NN 1506 1507 . . . 1508 1513 These these DT 1514 1521 results result NNS 1522 1528 reveal reveal VBP 1529 1530 a a DT 1531 1534 new new JJ 1535 1539 link link NN 1540 1547 between between IN 1548 1551 the the DT 1552 1560 dopamine dopamine NN 1561 1567 system system NN 1567 1568 , , , 1569 1577 cytokine cytokine NN 1578 1587 signaling signaling NN 1588 1595 pathway pathway NN 1596 1599 and and CC 1600 1610 regulation regulation NN 1611 1613 of of IN 1614 1618 gene gene NN 1619 1629 expression expression NN 1630 1633 via via IN 1634 1637 the the DT 1638 1649 involvement involvement NN 1650 1652 of of IN 1653 1662 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1663 1665 in in IN 1666 1667 T t NN 1668 1673 cells cell NNS 1674 1677 and and CC 1678 1682 PBMC PBMC NNP 1682 1683 . . .