0 12 Alpha-lipoic alpha-lipoic JJ 13 17 acid acid NN 18 20 is be VBZ 21 22 a a DT 23 29 potent potent JJ 30 39 inhibitor inhibitor NN 40 42 of of IN 43 51 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 52 53 B B NNP 54 64 activation activation NN 65 67 in in IN 68 73 human human JJ 74 75 T t NN 76 81 cells cell NNS 81 82 . . . 84 92 Acquired acquire VBN 93 109 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 110 118 syndrome syndrome NN 119 120 ( ( ( 120 124 AIDS AIDS NNP 124 125 ) ) ) 126 133 results result VBZ 134 138 from from IN 139 148 infection infection NN 149 153 with with IN 154 155 a a DT 156 161 human human JJ 162 178 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 179 184 virus virus NN 185 186 ( ( ( 186 191 HIV). HIV). NNP 192 195 The the DT 196 200 long long JJ 201 209 terminal terminal JJ 210 216 repeat repeat NN 217 218 ( ( ( 218 221 LTR LTR NNP 221 222 ) ) ) 223 229 region region NN 230 232 of of IN 233 236 HIV HIV NNP 237 245 proviral proviral JJ 246 249 DNA dna NN 250 258 contains contain VBZ 259 266 binding bind VBG 267 272 sites site NNS 273 276 for for IN 277 284 nuclear nuclear JJ 285 291 factor factor NN 292 297 kappa kappa NN 298 299 B B NNP 300 301 ( ( ( 301 309 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 310 311 B B NNP 311 312 ) ) ) 312 313 , , , 314 317 and and CC 318 322 this this DT 323 338 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 339 348 activator activator NN 349 356 appears appear VBZ 357 359 to to TO 360 368 regulate regulate VB 369 372 HIV HIV NNP 373 383 activation activation NN 383 384 . . . 385 391 Recent recent JJ 392 400 findings finding NNS 401 408 suggest suggest VBP 409 411 an an DT 412 423 involvement involvement NN 424 426 of of IN 427 435 reactive reactive JJ 436 442 oxygen oxygen NN 443 450 species specie NNS 451 452 ( ( ( 452 455 ROS ROS NNP 455 456 ) ) ) 457 459 in in IN 460 466 signal signal NN 467 479 transduction transduction NN 480 488 pathways pathway NNS 489 496 leading lead VBG 497 499 to to TO 500 508 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 509 510 B B NNP 511 521 activation activation NN 521 522 . . . 523 526 The the DT 527 534 present present JJ 535 540 study study NN 541 544 was be VBD 545 550 based base VBN 551 553 on on IN 554 561 reports report NNS 562 566 that that IN 567 579 antioxidants antioxidant NNS 580 585 which which WDT 586 595 eliminate eliminate VBP 596 599 ROS ros NN 600 606 should should MD 607 612 block block VB 613 616 the the DT 617 627 activation activation NN 628 630 of of IN 631 639 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 640 641 B B NNP 642 645 and and CC 646 658 subsequently subsequently RB 659 662 HIV HIV NNP 663 676 transcription transcription NN 676 677 , , , 678 681 and and CC 682 686 thus thus RB 687 699 antioxidants antioxidant NNS 700 703 can can MD 704 706 be be VB 707 711 used use VBN 712 714 as as IN 715 726 therapeutic therapeutic JJ 727 733 agents agent NNS 734 737 for for IN 738 742 AIDS AIDS NNP 742 743 . . . 744 754 Incubation Incubation NNP 755 757 of of IN 758 764 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 765 766 T t NN 767 772 cells cell NNS 773 774 ( ( ( 774 775 1 1 CD 776 777 x x CC 778 783 10(6) 10(6) CD 784 792 cells/ml cells/ml NNS 792 793 ) ) ) 794 798 with with IN 799 800 a a DT 801 808 natural natural JJ 809 814 thiol thiol NN 815 826 antioxidant antioxidant NN 826 827 , , , 828 840 alpha-lipoic alpha-lipoic JJ 841 845 acid acid NN 845 846 , , , 847 852 prior prior JJ 853 855 to to TO 856 859 the the DT 860 871 stimulation stimulation NN 872 874 of of IN 875 880 cells cell NNS 881 884 was be VBD 885 890 found find VBN 891 893 to to TO 894 901 inhibit inhibit VB 902 910 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 911 912 B B NNP 913 923 activation activation NN 924 931 induced induce VBN 932 934 by by IN 935 940 tumor tumor NN 941 949 necrosis necrosis NN 950 962 factor-alpha factor-alpha NN 963 964 ( ( ( 964 966 25 25 CD 967 972 ng/ml ng/ml NN 972 973 ) ) ) 974 976 or or CC 977 979 by by IN 980 987 phorbol phorbol NN 988 1000 12-myristate 12-myristate NN 1001 1011 13-acetate 13-acetate NN 1012 1013 ( ( ( 1013 1015 50 50 CD 1016 1021 ng/ml ng/ml NN 1021 1022 ) ) ) 1022 1023 . . . 1024 1027 The the DT 1028 1038 inhibitory inhibitory JJ 1039 1045 action action NN 1046 1048 of of IN 1049 1061 alpha-lipoic alpha-lipoic JJ 1062 1066 acid acid NN 1067 1070 was be VBD 1071 1076 found find VBN 1077 1079 to to TO 1080 1082 be be VB 1083 1087 very very RB 1088 1094 potent potent JJ 1095 1097 as as IN 1098 1102 only only RB 1103 1104 4 4 CD 1105 1107 mM mM NNP 1108 1111 was be VBD 1112 1118 needed need VBN 1119 1122 for for IN 1123 1124 a a DT 1125 1133 complete complete JJ 1134 1144 inhibition inhibition NN 1144 1145 , , , 1146 1153 whereas whereas IN 1154 1156 20 20 CD 1157 1159 mM mM NNP 1160 1163 was be VBD 1164 1172 required require VBN 1173 1176 for for IN 1177 1193 N-acetylcysteine N-acetylcysteine NNP 1193 1194 . . . 1195 1200 These these DT 1201 1208 results result NNS 1209 1217 indicate indicate VBP 1218 1222 that that IN 1223 1235 alpha-lipoic alpha-lipoic JJ 1236 1240 acid acid NN 1241 1244 may may MD 1245 1247 be be VB 1248 1257 effective effective JJ 1258 1260 in in IN 1261 1265 AIDS AIDS NNP 1266 1278 therapeutics therapeutic NNS 1278 1279 . . .