0 5 Human human JJ 6 22 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 23 28 virus virus NN 29 33 type type NN 34 35 1 1 CD 36 39 Nef nef NN 40 47 protein protein NN 48 56 inhibits inhibit VBZ 57 65 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 66 67 B B NNP 68 77 induction induction NN 78 80 in in IN 81 86 human human JJ 87 88 T t NN 89 94 cells cell NNS 94 95 . . . 97 102 Human human JJ 103 119 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 120 125 virus virus NN 126 130 type type NN 131 132 1 1 CD 133 134 ( ( ( 134 139 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 139 140 ) ) ) 141 144 can can MD 145 154 establish establish VB 155 156 a a DT 157 167 persistent persistent JJ 168 171 and and CC 172 178 latent latent JJ 179 188 infection infection NN 189 191 in in IN 192 196 CD4+ cd4+ JJ 197 198 T t NN 199 210 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 211 212 ( ( ( 212 222 W.C.Greene W.C.Greene NNP 222 223 , , , 224 233 N.Engl.J. N.Engl.J. NNP 234 249 Med.324:308-317 Med.324:308-317 NNP 249 250 , , , 251 255 1991 1991 CD 255 256 ; ; : 257 271 S.M.Schnittman S.M.Schnittman NNP 271 272 , , , 273 291 M.C.Psallidopoulos M.C.Psallidopoulos NNP 291 292 , , , 293 297 H.C. H.C. NNP 298 302 Lane Lane NNP 302 303 , , , 304 314 L.Thompson L.Thompson NNP 314 315 , , , 316 325 M.Baseler M.Baseler NNP 325 326 , , , 327 336 F.Massari F.Massari NNP 336 337 , , , 338 345 C.H.Fox C.H.Fox NNP 345 346 , , , 347 358 N.P.Salzman N.P.Salzman NNP 358 359 , , , 360 363 and and CC 364 373 A.S.Fauci A.S.Fauci NNP 373 374 , , , 375 382 Science Science NNP 383 394 245:305-308 245:305-308 CD 394 395 , , , 396 400 1989 1989 CD 400 401 ) ) ) 401 402 . . . 403 413 Production production NN 414 416 of of IN 417 422 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 423 427 from from IN 428 436 latently latently RB 437 445 infected infected JJ 446 451 cells cell NNS 452 460 requires require VBZ 461 465 host host NN 466 470 cell cell NN 471 481 activation activation NN 482 484 by by IN 485 491 T-cell t-cell NN 492 500 mitogens mitogen NNS 501 502 ( ( ( 502 509 T.Folks T.Folks NNP 509 510 , , , 511 521 D.M.Powell D.M.Powell NNP 521 522 , , , 523 537 M.M.Lightfoote M.M.Lightfoote NNP 537 538 , , , 539 545 S.Benn S.Benn NNP 545 546 , , , 547 551 M.A. M.A. NNP 552 558 Martin Martin NNP 558 559 , , , 560 563 and and CC 564 573 A.S.Fauci A.S.Fauci NNP 573 574 , , , 575 582 Science Science NNP 583 594 231:600-602 231:600-602 CD 594 595 , , , 596 600 1986 1986 CD 600 601 ; ; : 602 610 D.Zagury D.Zagury NNP 610 611 , , , 612 614 J. J. NNP 615 622 Bernard Bernard NNP 622 623 , , , 624 633 R.Leonard R.Leonard NNP 633 634 , , , 635 645 R.Cheynier R.Cheynier NNP 645 646 , , , 647 656 M.Feldman M.Feldman NNP 656 657 , , , 658 667 P.S.Sarin P.S.Sarin NNP 667 668 , , , 669 672 and and CC 673 677 R.C. R.C. NNP 678 683 Gallo Gallo NNP 683 684 , , , 685 692 Science Science NNP 693 704 231:850-853 231:850-853 CD 704 705 , , , 706 710 1986 1986 CD 710 711 ) ) ) 711 712 . . . 713 717 This this DT 718 728 activation activation NN 729 731 is be VBZ 732 740 mediated mediate VBN 741 743 by by IN 744 747 the the DT 748 752 host host NN 753 766 transcription transcription NN 767 773 factor factor NN 774 782 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 783 784 B B NNP 785 786 [ [ ( 786 793 G.Nabel G.Nabel NNP 794 797 and and CC 798 809 D.Baltimore D.Baltimore NNP 809 810 , , , 811 817 Nature Nature NNP 818 819 ( ( ( 819 825 London London NNP 825 826 ) ) ) 827 838 326:711-717 326:711-717 CD 838 839 , , , 840 844 1987 1987 CD 844 845 ] ] ) 845 846 . . . 847 849 We we PRP 850 856 report report VBP 857 861 here here RB 862 866 that that IN 867 870 the the DT 871 884 HIV-1-encoded hiv-1-encoded JJ 885 888 Nef nef NN 889 896 protein protein NN 897 905 inhibits inhibit VBZ 906 909 the the DT 910 919 induction induction NN 920 922 of of IN 923 931 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 932 933 B B NNP 934 945 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 946 954 activity activity NN 955 957 by by IN 958 960 T- t- NN 961 965 cell cell NN 966 974 mitogens mitogen NNS 974 975 . . . 976 983 However however RB 983 984 , , , 985 988 Nef Nef NNP 989 993 does do VBZ 994 997 not not RB 998 1004 affect affect VB 1005 1008 the the DT 1009 1020 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1021 1029 activity activity NN 1030 1032 of of IN 1033 1038 other other JJ 1039 1052 transcription transcription NN 1053 1060 factors factor NNS 1061 1071 implicated implicate VBN 1072 1074 in in IN 1075 1080 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1081 1091 regulation regulation NN 1091 1092 , , , 1093 1102 including include VBG 1103 1107 SP-1 sp-1 NN 1107 1108 , , , 1109 1112 USF USF NNP 1112 1113 , , , 1114 1117 URS URS NNP 1117 1118 , , , 1119 1122 and and CC 1123 1128 NF-AT NF-AT NNP 1128 1129 . . . 1130 1142 Additionally additionally RB 1142 1143 , , , 1144 1147 Nef Nef NNP 1148 1156 inhibits inhibit VBZ 1157 1160 the the DT 1161 1170 induction induction NN 1171 1173 of of IN 1174 1180 HIV-1- hiv-1- NN 1181 1184 and and CC 1185 1196 interleukin interleukin NN 1197 1207 2-directed 2-directed JJ 1208 1212 gene gene NN 1213 1223 expression expression NN 1223 1224 , , , 1225 1228 and and CC 1229 1232 the the DT 1233 1239 effect effect NN 1240 1242 on on IN 1243 1248 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1249 1262 transcription transcription NN 1263 1270 depends depend VBZ 1271 1273 on on IN 1274 1276 an an DT 1277 1283 intact intact JJ 1284 1292 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1293 1302 B-binding b-binding JJ 1303 1307 site site NN 1307 1308 . . . 1309 1314 These these DT 1315 1322 results result NNS 1323 1331 indicate indicate VBP 1332 1336 that that IN 1337 1346 defective defective JJ 1347 1358 recruitment recruitment NN 1359 1361 of of IN 1362 1370 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1371 1372 B B NNP 1373 1376 may may MD 1377 1385 underlie underlie VB 1386 1389 Nef Nef NNP 1389 1391 ’s 's POS 1392 1400 negative negative JJ 1401 1416 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1417 1424 effects effect NNS 1425 1427 on on IN 1428 1431 the the DT 1432 1437 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1438 1441 and and CC 1442 1453 interleukin interleukin NN 1454 1455 2 2 CD 1456 1465 promoters promoter NNS 1465 1466 . . . 1467 1474 Further further JJ 1475 1483 evidence evidence NN 1484 1492 suggests suggest VBZ 1493 1497 that that IN 1498 1501 Nef Nef NNP 1502 1510 inhibits inhibit VBZ 1511 1519 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1520 1521 B B NNP 1522 1531 induction induction NN 1532 1534 by by IN 1535 1546 interfering interfere VBG 1547 1551 with with IN 1552 1553 a a DT 1554 1560 signal signal NN 1561 1568 derived derive VBN 1569 1573 from from IN 1574 1577 the the DT 1578 1584 T-cell t-cell NN 1585 1593 receptor receptor NN 1594 1601 complex complex NN 1601 1602 . . .