0 10 Inhibition Inhibition NNP 11 13 of of IN 14 19 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 20 31 replication replication NN 32 35 and and CC 36 44 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 45 46 B B NNP 47 55 activity activity NN 56 58 by by IN 59 67 cysteine cysteine NN 68 71 and and CC 72 80 cysteine cysteine NN 81 92 derivatives derivative NNS 92 93 . . . 95 100 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 101 109 proviral proviral JJ 110 113 DNA dna NN 114 122 contains contain VBZ 123 126 two two CD 127 134 binding bind VBG 135 140 sites site NNS 141 144 for for IN 145 148 the the DT 149 162 transcription transcription NN 163 169 factor factor NN 170 178 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 179 181 B. B. NNP 182 196 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 197 208 individuals individual NNS 209 213 have have VBP 213 214 , , , 215 217 on on IN 218 225 average average NN 225 226 , , , 227 237 abnormally abnormally RB 238 242 high high JJ 243 249 levels level NNS 250 252 of of IN 253 259 tumour tumour NN 260 268 necrosis necrosis NN 269 275 factor factor NN 276 281 alpha alpha NN 282 283 ( ( ( 283 286 TNF TNF NNP 287 292 alpha alpha NN 292 293 ) ) ) 294 297 and and CC 298 308 abnormally abnormally RB 309 312 low low JJ 313 319 plasma plasma NN 320 328 cysteine cysteine NN 329 335 levels level NNS 335 336 . . . 337 339 We we PRP 340 349 therefore therefore RB 350 362 investigated investigate VBD 363 366 the the DT 367 374 effects effect NNS 375 377 of of IN 378 386 cysteine cysteine NN 387 390 and and CC 391 398 related related JJ 399 405 thiols thiol NNS 406 408 on on IN 409 414 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 415 426 replication replication NN 427 430 and and CC 431 439 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 440 441 B B NNP 442 452 expression expression NN 452 453 . . . 454 457 The the DT 458 469 experiments experiment NNS 470 472 in in IN 473 477 this this DT 478 484 report report NN 485 489 show show VBP 490 494 that that IN 495 503 cysteine cysteine NN 504 506 or or CC 507 523 N-acetylcysteine N-acetylcysteine NNP 524 525 ( ( ( 525 528 NAC NAC NNP 528 529 ) ) ) 530 535 raise raise VBP 536 539 the the DT 540 553 intracellular intracellular JJ 554 565 glutathione glutathione NN 566 567 ( ( ( 567 570 GSH GSH NNP 570 571 ) ) ) 572 577 level level NN 578 581 and and CC 582 589 inhibit inhibit VB 590 595 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 596 607 replication replication NN 608 610 in in IN 611 623 persistently persistently RB 624 632 infected infected JJ 633 639 Molt-4 molt-4 NN 640 643 and and CC 644 648 U937 u937 NN 649 654 cells cell NNS 654 655 . . . 656 663 However however RB 663 664 , , , 665 675 inhibition inhibition NN 676 678 of of IN 679 684 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 685 696 replication replication NN 697 704 appears appear VBZ 705 708 not not RB 709 711 to to TO 712 714 be be VB 715 723 directly directly RB 724 734 correlated correlate VBN 735 739 with with IN 740 743 GSH gsh NN 744 750 levels level NNS 750 751 . . . 752 760 Cysteine Cysteine NNP 761 764 and and CC 765 768 NAC NAC NNP 769 773 also also RB 774 781 inhibit inhibit VBP 782 790 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 791 792 B B NNP 793 801 activity activity NN 802 804 as as IN 805 815 determined determine VBN 816 818 by by IN 819 834 electrophoretic electrophoretic JJ 835 843 mobility mobility NN 844 849 shift shift NN 850 856 assays assay NNS 857 860 and and CC 861 876 chloramphenicol chloramphenicol NN 877 895 acetyl-transferase acetyl-transferase NN 896 897 ( ( ( 897 900 CAT CAT NNP 900 901 ) ) ) 902 906 gene gene NN 907 917 expression expression NN 918 923 under under IN 924 931 control control NN 932 934 of of IN 935 943 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 944 945 B B NNP 946 953 binding binding NN 954 959 sites site NNS 960 962 in in IN 963 973 uninfected uninfected JJ 974 979 cells cell NNS 979 980 . . . 981 985 This this DT 986 994 suggests suggest VBZ 995 999 that that IN 1000 1003 the the DT 1004 1012 cysteine cysteine NN 1013 1023 deficiency deficiency NN 1024 1026 in in IN 1027 1041 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 1042 1053 individuals individual NNS 1054 1057 may may MD 1058 1063 cause cause VB 1064 1066 an an DT 1067 1082 over-expression over-expression NN 1083 1085 of of IN 1086 1094 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1095 1106 B-dependent b-dependent JJ 1107 1112 genes gene NNS 1113 1116 and and CC 1117 1124 enhance enhance VBP 1125 1130 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1131 1142 replication replication NN 1142 1143 . . . 1144 1147 NAC NAC NNP 1148 1151 may may MD 1152 1154 be be VB 1155 1165 considered consider VBN 1166 1169 for for IN 1170 1173 the the DT 1174 1183 treatment treatment NN 1184 1186 of of IN 1187 1201 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 1202 1213 individuals individual NNS 1213 1214 . . .