0 8 Reactive reactive JJ 9 15 oxygen oxygen NN 16 29 intermediates intermediate NNS 30 32 as as IN 33 43 apparently apparently RB 44 50 widely widely RB 51 55 used use VBN 56 66 messengers messenger NNS 67 69 in in IN 70 73 the the DT 74 84 activation activation NN 85 87 of of IN 88 91 the the DT 92 100 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 101 102 B B NNP 103 116 transcription transcription NN 117 123 factor factor NN 124 127 and and CC 128 133 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 133 134 . . . 136 144 Hydrogen hydrogen NN 145 153 peroxide peroxide NN 154 157 and and CC 158 164 oxygen oxygen NN 165 173 radicals radical NNS 174 177 are be VBP 178 184 agents agent NNS 185 193 commonly commonly RB 194 202 produced produce VBN 203 209 during during IN 210 222 inflammatory inflammatory JJ 223 232 processes process NNS 232 233 . . . 234 236 In in IN 237 241 this this DT 242 247 study study NN 247 248 , , , 249 251 we we PRP 252 256 show show VBP 257 261 that that IN 262 272 micromolar micromolar JJ 273 287 concentrations concentration NNS 288 290 of of IN 291 295 H2O2 h2o2 NN 296 299 can can MD 300 306 induce induce VB 307 310 the the DT 311 321 expression expression NN 322 325 and and CC 326 337 replication replication NN 338 340 of of IN 341 346 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 347 349 in in IN 350 351 a a DT 352 357 human human JJ 358 359 T t NN 360 364 cell cell NN 365 369 line line NN 369 370 . . . 371 374 The the DT 375 381 effect effect NN 382 384 is be VBZ 385 393 mediated mediate VBN 394 396 by by IN 397 400 the the DT 401 409 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 410 411 B B NNP 412 425 transcription transcription NN 426 432 factor factor NN 433 438 which which WDT 439 441 is be VBZ 442 450 potently potently RB 451 454 and and CC 455 462 rapidly rapidly RB 463 472 activated activate VBN 473 475 by by IN 476 478 an an DT 479 483 H2O2 h2o2 NN 484 493 treatment treatment NN 494 496 of of IN 497 502 cells cell NNS 503 507 from from IN 508 511 its its PRP$ 512 520 inactive inactive JJ 521 532 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ 533 537 form form NN 537 538 . . . 539 558 N-acetyl-L-cysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine NNP 559 560 ( ( ( 560 563 NAC NAC NNP 563 564 ) ) ) 564 565 , , , 566 567 a a DT 568 572 well well RB 573 586 characterized characterize VBN 587 598 antioxidant antioxidant NN 599 604 which which WDT 605 616 counteracts counteract VBZ 617 620 the the DT 621 628 effects effect NNS 629 631 of of IN 632 640 reactive reactive JJ 641 647 oxygen oxygen NN 648 661 intermediates intermediate NNS 662 663 ( ( ( 663 666 ROI ROI NNP 666 667 ) ) ) 668 670 in in IN 671 677 living live VBG 678 683 cells cell NNS 683 684 , , , 685 694 prevented prevent VBD 695 698 the the DT 699 709 activation activation NN 710 712 of of IN 713 721 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 722 723 B B NNP 724 726 by by IN 727 731 H2O2 H2O2 NNP 731 732 . . . 733 736 NAC NAC NNP 737 740 and and CC 741 746 other other JJ 747 752 thiol thiol NN 753 762 compounds compound NNS 763 767 also also RB 768 775 blocked block VBD 776 779 the the DT 780 790 activation activation NN 791 793 of of IN 794 802 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 803 804 B B NNP 805 807 by by IN 808 821 cycloheximide cycloheximide NN 821 822 , , , 823 838 double-stranded double-stranded JJ 839 842 RNA RNA NNP 842 843 , , , 844 851 calcium calcium NN 852 861 ionophore ionophore NN 861 862 , , , 863 872 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 872 873 , , , 874 880 active active JJ 881 888 phorbol phorbol NN 889 894 ester ester NN 894 895 , , , 896 909 interleukin-1 interleukin-1 NN 909 910 , , , 911 929 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN 930 933 and and CC 934 940 lectin lectin NN 940 941 . . . 942 946 This this DT 947 955 suggests suggest VBZ 956 960 that that IN 961 968 diverse diverse JJ 969 975 agents agent NNS 976 983 thought think VBN 984 986 to to TO 987 995 activate activate VB 996 1004 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1005 1006 B B NNP 1007 1009 by by IN 1010 1018 distinct distinct JJ 1019 1032 intracellular intracellular JJ 1033 1041 pathways pathway NNS 1042 1047 might might MD 1048 1051 all all DT 1052 1055 act act VB 1056 1063 through through IN 1064 1065 a a DT 1066 1072 common common JJ 1073 1082 mechanism mechanism NN 1083 1092 involving involve VBG 1093 1096 the the DT 1097 1106 synthesis synthesis NN 1107 1109 of of IN 1110 1113 ROI ROI NNP 1113 1114 . . . 1115 1118 ROI ROI NNP 1119 1125 appear appear VBP 1126 1128 to to TO 1129 1134 serve serve VB 1135 1137 as as IN 1138 1148 messengers messenger NNS 1149 1158 mediating mediate VBG 1159 1167 directly directly RB 1168 1170 or or CC 1171 1181 indirectly indirectly RB 1182 1185 the the DT 1186 1193 release release NN 1194 1196 of of IN 1197 1200 the the DT 1201 1211 inhibitory inhibitory JJ 1212 1219 subunit subunit NN 1220 1221 I i NN 1222 1227 kappa kappa NN 1228 1229 B B NNP 1230 1234 from from IN 1235 1243 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1244 1245 B B NNP 1245 1246 . . .