0 13 Cell-specific cell-specific JJ 14 25 differences difference NNS 26 28 in in IN 29 39 activation activation NN 40 42 of of IN 43 51 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 52 53 B B NNP 54 64 regulatory regulatory JJ 65 73 elements element NNS 74 76 of of IN 77 82 human human JJ 83 99 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 100 105 virus virus NN 106 109 and and CC 110 114 beta beta NN 115 125 interferon interferon NN 126 135 promoters promoter NNS 136 138 by by IN 139 144 tumor tumor NN 145 153 necrosis necrosis NN 154 160 factor factor NN 160 161 . . . 163 168 Three three CD 169 176 aspects aspect NNS 177 179 of of IN 180 183 the the DT 184 195 involvement involvement NN 196 198 of of IN 199 204 tumor tumor NN 205 213 necrosis necrosis NN 214 220 factor factor NN 221 223 in in IN 224 229 human human JJ 230 246 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 247 252 virus virus NN 253 254 ( ( ( 254 257 HIV HIV NNP 257 258 ) ) ) 259 271 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 272 276 were be VBD 277 286 examined. examined. JJ 287 292 Tumor tumor NN 293 301 necrosis necrosis NN 302 308 factor factor NN 309 314 alpha alpha NN 315 316 ( ( ( 316 325 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 325 326 ) ) ) 327 331 mRNA mrna NN 332 342 production production NN 343 346 was be VBD 347 355 analyzed analyze VBN 356 358 by by IN 359 369 polymerase polymerase NN 370 375 chain chain NN 376 384 reaction reaction NN 385 398 amplification amplification NN 399 401 in in IN 402 411 monocytic monocytic JJ 412 416 U937 u937 NN 417 422 cells cell NNS 423 426 and and CC 427 429 in in IN 430 431 a a DT 432 443 chronically chronically RB 444 447 HIV HIV NNP 448 456 infected infected JJ 457 461 U937 u937 NN 462 466 cell cell NN 467 471 line line NN 472 473 ( ( ( 473 480 U9-IIIB U9-IIIB NNP 480 481 ) ) ) 481 482 . . . 483 492 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 493 496 RNA RNA NNP 497 500 was be VBD 501 513 undetectable undetectable JJ 514 516 in in IN 517 521 U937 u937 NN 522 527 cells cell NNS 527 528 , , , 529 536 whereas whereas IN 537 538 a a DT 539 542 low low JJ 543 555 constitutive constitutive JJ 556 561 level level NN 562 565 was be VBD 566 574 detected detect VBN 575 577 in in IN 578 585 U9-IIIB U9-IIIB NNP 586 591 cells cell NNS 591 592 . . . 593 606 Paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus NNP 607 616 infection infection NN 617 624 induced induce VBD 625 626 a a DT 627 629 5- 5- CD 630 632 to to TO 633 640 10-fold 10-fold JJ 641 649 increase increase NN 650 652 in in IN 653 656 the the DT 657 669 steady-state steady-state JJ 670 675 level level NN 676 678 of of IN 679 688 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 689 692 RNA RNA NNP 693 695 in in IN 696 703 U9-IIIB U9-IIIB NNP 704 709 cells cell NNS 710 718 compared compare VBN 719 723 with with IN 724 728 U937 u937 NN 729 734 cells cell NNS 734 735 , , , 736 746 suggesting suggest VBG 747 751 that that IN 752 764 HIV-infected hiv-infected JJ 765 774 monocytic monocytic JJ 775 780 cells cell NNS 781 789 produced produce VBD 790 796 higher high JJR 797 803 levels level NNS 804 806 of of IN 807 816 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 817 821 than than IN 822 825 did do VBD 826 832 normal normal JJ 833 838 cells cell NNS 839 844 after after IN 845 846 a a DT 847 856 secondary secondary JJ 857 862 virus virus NN 863 872 infection infection NN 872 873 . . . 874 877 The the DT 878 885 effects effect NNS 886 888 of of IN 889 898 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 899 901 on on IN 902 906 gene gene NN 907 917 expression expression NN 918 922 were be VBD 923 931 examined examine VBN 932 934 by by IN 935 944 transient transient JJ 945 955 expression expression NN 956 962 assays assay NNS 963 968 using use VBG 969 977 reporter reporter NN 978 993 chloramphenicol chloramphenicol NN 994 1011 acetyltransferase acetyltransferase NN 1012 1020 plasmids plasmid NNS 1021 1027 linked link VBN 1028 1030 to to TO 1031 1041 regulatory regulatory JJ 1042 1050 elements element NNS 1051 1055 from from IN 1056 1059 the the DT 1060 1063 HIV HIV NNP 1064 1068 long long JJ 1069 1077 terminal terminal JJ 1078 1084 repeat repeat NN 1085 1086 ( ( ( 1086 1089 LTR LTR NNP 1089 1090 ) ) ) 1091 1094 and and CC 1095 1098 the the DT 1099 1103 beta beta NN 1104 1114 interferon interferon NN 1115 1123 promoter promoter NN 1123 1124 . . . 1125 1127 In in IN 1128 1132 U937 U937 NNP 1133 1136 and and CC 1137 1143 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 1144 1145 T t NN 1146 1154 lymphoid lymphoid JJ 1155 1160 cells cell NNS 1160 1161 , , , 1162 1165 the the DT 1166 1178 inducibility inducibility NN 1179 1181 of of IN 1182 1185 the the DT 1186 1195 different different JJ 1196 1202 hybrid hybrid JJ 1203 1212 promoters promoter NNS 1213 1215 by by IN 1216 1225 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1226 1228 or or CC 1229 1236 phorbol phorbol NN 1237 1242 ester ester NN 1243 1249 varied vary VBD 1250 1252 in in IN 1253 1254 a a DT 1255 1259 cell cell NN 1260 1265 type- type- NN 1266 1269 and and CC 1270 1278 promoter promoter NN 1279 1295 context-specific context-specific JJ 1296 1302 manner manner NN 1302 1303 ; ; : 1304 1307 the the DT 1308 1314 levels level NNS 1315 1317 of of IN 1318 1322 gene gene NN 1323 1331 activity activity NN 1332 1334 of of IN 1335 1343 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1344 1356 B-containing b-containing JJ 1357 1365 plasmids plasmid NNS 1366 1376 correlated correlate VBD 1377 1385 directly directly RB 1386 1390 with with IN 1391 1400 induction induction NN 1401 1403 of of IN 1404 1412 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1413 1414 B B NNP 1415 1426 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1427 1435 activity activity NN 1435 1436 . . . 1437 1445 Although although IN 1446 1449 the the DT 1450 1456 intact intact JJ 1457 1461 beta beta NN 1462 1472 interferon interferon NN 1473 1481 promoter promoter NN 1482 1485 was be VBD 1486 1490 only only RB 1491 1497 weakly weakly RB 1498 1508 stimulated stimulate VBN 1509 1511 by by IN 1512 1519 phorbol phorbol NN 1520 1525 ester ester NN 1526 1528 or or CC 1529 1538 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1538 1539 , , , 1540 1549 multimers multimer NNS 1550 1552 of of IN 1553 1556 the the DT 1557 1562 PRDII PRDII NNP 1563 1571 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1572 1581 B-binding b-binding JJ 1582 1588 domain domain NN 1589 1593 were be VBD 1594 1603 inducible inducible JJ 1604 1606 by by IN 1607 1611 both both DT 1612 1618 agents agent NNS 1618 1619 . . . 1620 1629 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1630 1633 was be VBD 1634 1638 able able JJ 1639 1641 to to TO 1642 1650 increase increase VB 1651 1661 expression expression NN 1662 1664 of of IN 1665 1668 the the DT 1669 1672 HIV HIV NNP 1673 1676 LTR LTR NNP 1677 1679 in in IN 1680 1681 T t NN 1682 1687 cells cell NNS 1687 1688 , , , 1689 1692 but but CC 1693 1695 in in IN 1696 1705 monocytic monocytic JJ 1706 1711 cells cell NNS 1711 1712 , , , 1713 1722 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1723 1726 did do VBD 1727 1730 not not RB 1731 1737 induce induce VB 1738 1741 the the DT 1742 1745 HIV HIV NNP 1746 1749 LTR LTR NNP 1750 1755 above above IN 1756 1757 a a DT 1758 1770 constitutive constitutive JJ 1771 1776 level level NN 1777 1779 of of IN 1780 1788 activity activity NN 1788 1789 . . . 1790 1794 This this DT 1795 1800 level level NN 1801 1803 of of IN 1804 1812 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1813 1826 B-independent b-independent JJ 1827 1835 activity activity NN 1836 1843 appears appear VBZ 1844 1846 to to TO 1847 1849 be be VB 1850 1860 sufficient sufficient JJ 1861 1864 for for IN 1865 1870 virus virus NN 1871 1885 multiplication multiplication NN 1885 1886 , , , 1887 1892 since since IN 1893 1902 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1903 1912 treatment treatment NN 1913 1916 had have VBD 1917 1919 no no DT 1920 1926 effect effect NN 1927 1929 on on IN 1930 1933 the the DT 1934 1942 kinetics kinetic NNS 1943 1945 of of IN 1946 1948 de de FW 1949 1953 novo novo FW 1954 1957 HIV HIV NNP 1958 1962 type type NN 1963 1964 1 1 CD 1965 1966 ( ( ( 1966 1971 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1971 1972 ) ) ) 1973 1982 infection infection NN 1983 1986 and and CC 1987 1992 viral viral JJ 1993 1996 RNA RNA NNP 1997 2007 production production NN 2008 2010 in in IN 2011 2015 U937 u937 NN 2016 2021 cells cell NNS 2021 2022 . . . 2023 2030 However however RB 2030 2031 , , , 2032 2034 in in IN 2035 2041 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 2042 2047 cells cell NNS 2047 2048 , , , 2049 2058 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 2059 2071 dramatically dramatically RB 2072 2080 enhanced enhance VBD 2081 2084 the the DT 2085 2091 spread spread NN 2092 2094 of of IN 2095 2100 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 2101 2108 through through IN 2109 2112 the the DT 2113 2117 cell cell NN 2118 2128 population population NN 2129 2132 and and CC 2133 2142 increased increase VBD 2143 2148 viral viral JJ 2149 2152 RNA RNA NNP 2153 2162 synthesis synthesis NN 2162 2163 , , , 2164 2174 indicating indicate VBG 2175 2179 that that IN 2180 2182 in in IN 2183 2184 T t NN 2185 2190 cells cell NNS 2191 2196 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 2197 2211 multiplication multiplication NN 2212 2215 was be VBD 2216 2226 stimulated stimulate VBN 2227 2229 by by IN 2230 2239 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 2240 2249 treatment treatment NN 2249 2250 . . .