0 15 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ 16 26 repression repression NN 27 29 of of IN 30 33 the the DT 34 47 interleukin-2 interleukin-2 NN 48 52 gene gene NN 53 55 by by IN 56 63 vitamin vitamin NN 64 66 D3 d3 NN 66 67 : : : 68 74 direct direct JJ 75 85 inhibition inhibition NN 86 88 of of IN 89 99 NFATp/AP-1 nfatp/ap-1 NN 100 107 complex complex NN 108 117 formation formation NN 118 120 by by IN 121 122 a a DT 123 130 nuclear nuclear JJ 131 138 hormone hormone NN 139 147 receptor receptor NN 147 148 . . . 150 162 T-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte NNP 163 176 proliferation proliferation NN 177 179 is be VBZ 180 190 suppressed suppress VBN 191 193 by by IN 194 215 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin NN 216 218 D3 D3 NNP 219 220 [ [ ( 220 231 1,25(OH)2D3 1,25(OH)2D3 NNP 231 232 ] ] ) 232 233 , , , 234 237 the the DT 238 244 active active JJ 245 255 metabolite metabolite NN 256 258 of of IN 259 266 vitamin vitamin NN 267 269 D3 d3 NN 269 270 , , , 271 274 and and CC 275 277 is be VBZ 278 288 associated associate VBN 289 293 with with IN 294 295 a a DT 296 304 decrease decrease NN 305 307 in in IN 308 319 interleukin interleukin NN 320 321 2 2 CD 322 323 ( ( ( 323 327 IL-2 il-2 NN 327 328 ) ) ) 328 329 , , , 330 335 gamma gamma NN 336 346 interferon interferon NN 346 347 , , , 348 351 and and CC 352 374 granulocyte-macrophage granulocyte-macrophage JJ 375 393 colony-stimulating colony-stimulating JJ 394 400 factor factor NN 401 405 mRNA mrna NN 406 412 levels level NNS 412 413 . . . 414 416 We we PRP 417 423 report report VBP 424 428 here here RB 429 433 that that IN 434 454 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated 1,25(oh)2d3-mediated JJ 455 465 repression repression NN 466 468 in in IN 469 475 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 476 481 cells cell NNS 482 484 is be VBZ 485 498 cycloheximide cycloheximide NN 499 508 resistant resistant JJ 508 509 , , , 510 520 suggesting suggest VBG 521 525 that that IN 526 528 it it PRP 529 531 is be VBZ 532 533 a a DT 534 540 direct direct JJ 541 556 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 557 567 repressive repressive JJ 568 574 effect effect NN 575 577 on on IN 578 582 IL-2 il-2 NN 583 593 expression expression NN 594 596 by by IN 597 600 the the DT 601 608 vitamin vitamin NN 609 611 D3 d3 NN 612 620 receptor receptor NN 621 622 ( ( ( 622 625 VDR VDR NNP 625 626 ) ) ) 626 627 . . . 628 630 We we PRP 631 640 therefore therefore RB 641 649 examined examine VBD 650 657 vitamin vitamin NN 658 669 D3-mediated d3-mediated JJ 670 680 repression repression NN 681 683 of of IN 684 693 activated activate VBN 694 698 IL-2 il-2 NN 699 709 expression expression NN 710 712 by by IN 713 727 cotransfecting cotransfecte VBG 728 734 Jurkat jurkat NN 735 740 cells cell NNS 741 745 with with IN 746 750 IL-2 il-2 NN 751 768 promoter/reporter promoter/reporter NN 769 779 constructs construct NNS 780 783 and and CC 784 785 a a DT 786 789 VDR VDR NNP 790 804 overexpression overexpression NN 805 811 vector vector NN 812 815 and and CC 816 818 by by IN 819 822 DNA DNA NNP 823 830 binding binding NN 830 831 . . . 832 834 We we PRP 835 845 delineated delineate VBD 846 848 an an DT 849 856 element element NN 857 867 conferring confer VBG 868 872 both both CC 873 876 DNA dna NN 877 884 binding binding NN 885 887 by by IN 888 891 the the DT 892 900 receptor receptor NN 901 903 in in FW 904 909 vitro vitro FW 910 913 and and CC 914 934 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated 1,25(oh)2d3-mediated JJ 935 945 repression repression NN 946 948 in in FW 949 953 vivo vivo FW 954 956 to to TO 957 958 a a DT 959 964 short short JJ 965 970 40-bp 40-bp JJ 971 977 region region NN 978 990 encompassing encompass VBG 991 993 an an DT 994 1003 important important JJ 1004 1012 positive positive JJ 1013 1023 regulatory regulatory JJ 1024 1031 element element NN 1031 1032 , , , 1033 1040 NF-AT-1 NF-AT-1 NNP 1040 1041 , , , 1042 1047 which which WDT 1048 1050 is be VBZ 1051 1056 bound bind VBN 1057 1059 by by IN 1060 1061 a a DT 1062 1077 T-cell-specific t-cell-specific JJ 1078 1091 transcription transcription NN 1092 1098 factor factor NN 1098 1099 , , , 1100 1105 NFATp NFATp NNP 1105 1106 , , , 1107 1109 as as RB 1110 1114 well well RB 1115 1117 as as IN 1118 1120 by by IN 1121 1125 AP-1 ap-1 NN 1125 1126 . . . 1127 1130 VDR VDR NNP 1131 1142 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1143 1150 mutants mutant NNS 1151 1155 were be VBD 1156 1162 unable unable JJ 1163 1165 to to TO 1166 1172 either either CC 1173 1177 bind bind VBP 1178 1180 to to TO 1181 1185 this this DT 1186 1193 element element NN 1194 1196 in in FW 1197 1202 vitro vitro FW 1203 1205 or or CC 1206 1213 repress repress VB 1214 1216 in in FW 1217 1221 vivo vivo FW 1221 1222 ; ; : 1223 1226 the the DT 1227 1230 VDR VDR NNP 1231 1242 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1243 1249 domain domain NN 1250 1255 alone alone RB 1255 1256 , , , 1257 1264 however however RB 1264 1265 , , , 1266 1271 bound bind VBD 1272 1275 the the DT 1276 1283 element element NN 1284 1287 but but CC 1288 1292 also also RB 1293 1298 could could MD 1299 1302 not not RB 1303 1310 repress repress VB 1311 1315 IL-2 il-2 NN 1316 1326 expression expression NN 1326 1327 . . . 1328 1333 These these DT 1334 1341 results result NNS 1342 1350 indicate indicate VBP 1351 1355 that that IN 1356 1359 DNA dna NN 1360 1367 binding binding NN 1368 1370 by by IN 1371 1374 VDR VDR NNP 1375 1377 is be VBZ 1378 1387 necessary necessary JJ 1388 1391 but but CC 1392 1395 not not RB 1396 1406 sufficient sufficient JJ 1407 1409 to to TO 1410 1417 mediate mediate VB 1418 1422 IL-2 il-2 NN 1423 1433 repression repression NN 1433 1434 . . . 1435 1437 By by IN 1438 1447 combining combine VBG 1448 1457 partially partially RB 1458 1466 purified purify VBN 1467 1475 proteins protein NNS 1476 1478 in in FW 1479 1484 vitro vitro FW 1484 1485 , , , 1486 1488 we we PRP 1489 1497 observed observe VBD 1498 1501 the the DT 1502 1506 loss loss NN 1507 1509 of of IN 1510 1513 the the DT 1514 1519 bound bind VBN 1520 1534 NFATp/AP-1-DNA nfatp/ap-1-dna NN 1535 1542 complex complex NN 1543 1547 upon upon IN 1548 1557 inclusion inclusion NN 1558 1560 of of IN 1561 1564 VDR VDR NNP 1565 1567 or or CC 1568 1580 VDR-retinoid vdr-retinoid JJ 1581 1582 X X NNP 1583 1591 receptor receptor NN 1591 1592 . . . 1593 1598 Order Order NNP 1599 1601 of of IN 1602 1610 addition addition NN 1611 1614 and and CC 1615 1623 off-rate off-rate JJ 1624 1635 experiments experiment NNS 1636 1644 indicate indicate VBP 1645 1649 that that IN 1650 1653 the the DT 1654 1666 VDR-retinoid vdr-retinoid JJ 1667 1668 X X NNP 1669 1677 receptor receptor NN 1678 1689 heterodimer heterodimer NN 1690 1696 blocks block VBZ 1697 1707 NFATp/AP-1 nfatp/ap-1 NN 1708 1715 complex complex NN 1716 1725 formation formation NN 1726 1729 and and CC 1730 1734 then then RB 1735 1741 stably stably RB 1742 1752 associates associate VBZ 1753 1757 with with IN 1758 1761 the the DT 1762 1769 NF-AT-1 nf-at-1 NN 1770 1777 element element NN 1777 1778 . . . 1779 1783 This this DT 1784 1790 direct direct JJ 1791 1801 inhibition inhibition NN 1802 1804 by by IN 1805 1806 a a DT 1807 1814 nuclear nuclear JJ 1815 1822 hormone hormone NN 1823 1831 receptor receptor NN 1832 1834 of of IN 1835 1850 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1851 1861 activators activator NNS 1862 1864 of of IN 1865 1868 the the DT 1869 1873 IL-2 il-2 NN 1874 1878 gene gene NN 1879 1882 may may MD 1883 1890 provide provide VB 1891 1892 a a DT 1893 1904 mechanistic mechanistic JJ 1905 1916 explanation explanation NN 1917 1919 of of IN 1920 1923 how how WRB 1924 1931 vitamin vitamin NN 1932 1943 derivatives derivative NNS 1944 1947 can can MD 1948 1951 act act VB 1952 1954 as as IN 1955 1961 potent potent JJ 1962 1979 immunosuppressive immunosuppressive JJ 1980 1986 agents agent NNS 1986 1987 . . .