0 3 The the DT 4 14 peri-kappa peri-kappa NN 15 16 B B NNP 17 21 site site NN 22 30 mediates mediate VBZ 31 36 human human JJ 37 53 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 54 59 virus virus NN 60 64 type type NN 65 66 2 2 CD 67 75 enhancer enhancer NN 76 86 activation activation NN 87 89 in in IN 90 99 monocytes monocyte NNS 100 103 but but CC 104 107 not not RB 108 110 in in IN 111 112 T t NN 113 118 cells cell NNS 118 119 . . . 121 126 Human human JJ 127 143 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 144 149 virus virus NN 150 154 type type NN 155 156 2 2 CD 157 158 ( ( ( 158 163 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 163 164 ) ) ) 164 165 , , , 166 170 like like IN 171 176 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 176 177 , , , 178 184 causes cause VBZ 185 189 AIDS AIDS NNP 190 193 and and CC 194 196 is be VBZ 197 207 associated associate VBN 208 212 with with IN 213 217 AIDS AIDS NNP 218 223 cases case NNS 224 233 primarily primarily RB 234 236 in in IN 237 241 West West NNP 242 248 Africa Africa NNP 248 249 . . . 250 255 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 256 259 and and CC 260 265 HIV-2 HIV-2 NNP 266 273 display display VBP 274 285 significant significant JJ 286 297 differences difference NNS 298 300 in in IN 301 308 nucleic nucleic JJ 309 313 acid acid NN 314 322 sequence sequence NN 323 326 and and CC 327 329 in in IN 330 333 the the DT 334 341 natural natural JJ 342 349 history history NN 350 352 of of IN 353 361 clinical clinical JJ 362 369 disease disease NN 369 370 . . . 371 381 Consistent consistent JJ 382 386 with with IN 387 392 these these DT 393 404 differences difference NNS 404 405 , , , 406 408 we we PRP 409 413 have have VBP 414 424 previously previously RB 425 437 demonstrated demonstrate VBN 438 442 that that IN 443 446 the the DT 447 464 enhancer/promoter enhancer/promoter NN 465 471 region region NN 472 474 of of IN 475 480 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 481 490 functions function NNS 491 496 quite quite RB 497 508 differently differently RB 509 513 from from IN 514 518 that that DT 519 521 of of IN 522 527 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 527 528 . . . 529 536 Whereas whereas IN 537 547 activation activation NN 548 550 of of IN 551 554 the the DT 555 560 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 561 569 enhancer enhancer NN 570 579 following follow VBG 580 586 T-cell t-cell NN 587 598 stimulation stimulation NN 599 601 is be VBZ 602 610 mediated mediate VBN 611 618 largely largely RB 619 626 through through IN 627 634 binding binding NN 635 637 of of IN 638 641 the the DT 642 655 transcription transcription NN 656 662 factor factor NN 663 671 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 672 673 B B NNP 674 676 to to TO 677 680 two two CD 681 689 adjacent adjacent JJ 690 695 kappa kappa NN 696 697 B b NN 698 703 sites site NNS 704 706 in in IN 707 710 the the DT 711 716 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 717 721 long long JJ 722 730 terminal terminal JJ 731 737 repeat repeat NN 737 738 , , , 739 749 activation activation NN 750 752 of of IN 753 756 the the DT 757 762 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 763 771 enhancer enhancer NN 772 774 in in IN 775 784 monocytes monocyte NNS 785 788 and and CC 789 790 T t NN 791 796 cells cell NNS 797 799 is be VBZ 800 809 dependent dependent JJ 810 812 on on IN 813 817 four four CD 818 828 cis-acting cis-acting JJ 829 837 elements element NNS 837 838 : : : 839 840 a a DT 841 847 single single JJ 848 853 kappa kappa NN 854 855 B B NNP 856 860 site site NN 860 861 , , , 862 865 two two CD 866 877 purine-rich purine-rich JJ 878 885 binding bind VBG 886 891 sites site NNS 891 892 , , , 893 897 PuB1 pub1 NN 898 901 and and CC 902 906 PuB2 pub2 NN 906 907 , , , 908 911 and and CC 912 913 a a DT 914 918 pets pet NNS 919 923 site site NN 923 924 . . . 925 927 We we PRP 928 932 have have VBP 933 936 now now RB 937 947 identified identify VBN 948 949 a a DT 950 955 novel novel JJ 956 966 cis-acting cis-acting JJ 967 974 element element NN 975 981 within within IN 982 985 the the DT 986 991 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 992 1000 enhancer enhancer NN 1000 1001 , , , 1002 1013 immediately immediately RB 1014 1022 upstream upstream JJ 1023 1025 of of IN 1026 1029 the the DT 1030 1035 kappa kappa NN 1036 1037 B B NNP 1038 1042 site site NN 1042 1043 , , , 1044 1054 designated designate VBN 1055 1065 peri-kappa peri-kappa NN 1066 1068 B. B. NNP 1069 1073 This this DT 1074 1078 site site NN 1079 1081 is be VBZ 1082 1091 conserved conserve VBN 1092 1097 among among IN 1098 1106 isolates isolate NNS 1107 1109 of of IN 1110 1115 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 1116 1119 and and CC 1120 1123 the the DT 1124 1131 closely closely RB 1132 1139 related related JJ 1140 1146 simian simian JJ 1147 1163 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 1164 1169 virus virus NN 1169 1170 , , , 1171 1174 and and CC 1175 1187 transfection transfection NN 1188 1194 assays assay NNS 1195 1199 show show VBP 1200 1204 this this DT 1205 1209 site site NN 1210 1212 to to TO 1213 1220 mediate mediate VB 1221 1226 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 1227 1235 enhancer enhancer NN 1236 1246 activation activation NN 1247 1256 following follow VBG 1257 1268 stimulation stimulation NN 1269 1271 of of IN 1272 1281 monocytic monocytic JJ 1282 1285 but but CC 1286 1289 not not RB 1290 1296 T-cell t-cell NN 1297 1302 lines line NNS 1302 1303 . . . 1304 1308 This this DT 1309 1311 is be VBZ 1312 1315 the the DT 1316 1321 first first JJ 1322 1333 description description NN 1334 1336 of of IN 1337 1339 an an DT 1340 1345 HIV-2 hiv-2 NN 1346 1354 enhancer enhancer NN 1355 1362 element element NN 1363 1368 which which WDT 1369 1377 displays display VBZ 1378 1382 such such JJ 1383 1391 monocyte monocyte NN 1392 1403 specificity specificity NN 1403 1404 , , , 1405 1408 and and CC 1409 1411 no no DT 1412 1422 comparable comparable JJ 1423 1431 enhancer enhancer NN 1432 1439 element element NN 1440 1443 has have VBZ 1444 1448 been be VBN 1449 1456 clearly clearly RB 1457 1464 defined define VBN 1465 1468 for for IN 1469 1474 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1474 1475 . . . 1476 1481 While while IN 1482 1483 a a DT 1484 1491 nuclear nuclear JJ 1492 1501 factor(s) factor(s) NN 1502 1506 from from IN 1507 1511 both both CC 1512 1522 peripheral peripheral JJ 1523 1528 blood blood NN 1529 1538 monocytes monocyte NNS 1539 1542 and and CC 1543 1544 T t NN 1545 1550 cells cell NNS 1551 1556 binds bind VBZ 1557 1560 the the DT 1561 1571 peri-kappa peri-kappa NN 1572 1573 B B NNP 1574 1578 site site NN 1578 1579 , , , 1580 1595 electrophoretic electrophoretic JJ 1596 1604 mobility mobility NN 1605 1610 shift shift NN 1611 1617 assays assay NNS 1618 1625 suggest suggest VBP 1626 1630 that that IN 1631 1637 either either CC 1638 1639 a a DT 1640 1649 different different JJ 1650 1657 protein protein NN 1658 1663 binds bind VBZ 1664 1666 to to TO 1667 1671 this this DT 1672 1676 site site NN 1677 1679 in in IN 1680 1689 monocytes monocyte NNS 1690 1696 versus versus IN 1697 1698 T t NN 1699 1704 cells cell NNS 1705 1707 or or CC 1708 1712 that that IN 1713 1716 the the DT 1717 1724 protein protein NN 1725 1736 recognizing recognize VBG 1737 1741 this this DT 1742 1750 enhancer enhancer NN 1751 1758 element element NN 1759 1768 undergoes undergo VBZ 1769 1781 differential differential JJ 1782 1794 modification modification NN 1795 1797 in in IN 1798 1807 monocytes monocyte NNS 1808 1811 and and CC 1812 1813 T t NN 1814 1819 cells cell NNS 1819 1820 , , , 1821 1825 thus thus RB 1826 1836 supporting support VBG 1837 1840 the the DT 1841 1853 transfection transfection NN 1854 1858 data datum NNS 1858 1859 . . . 1860 1867 Further further RB 1867 1868 , , , 1869 1874 while while IN 1875 1883 specific specific JJ 1884 1896 constitutive constitutive JJ 1897 1904 binding binding NN 1905 1907 to to TO 1908 1911 the the DT 1912 1922 peri-kappa peri-kappa NN 1923 1924 B B NNP 1925 1929 site site NN 1930 1932 is be VBZ 1933 1937 seen see VBN 1938 1940 in in IN 1941 1950 monocytes monocyte NNS 1950 1951 , , , 1952 1963 stimulation stimulation NN 1964 1968 with with IN 1969 1976 phorbol phorbol NN 1977 1983 esters ester NNS 1984 1991 induces induce VBZ 1992 2002 additional additional JJ 2002 2003 , , , 2004 2012 specific specific JJ 2013 2020 binding binding NN 2020 2021 . . . 2022 2035 Understanding understand VBG 2036 2039 the the DT 2040 2057 monocyte-specific monocyte-specific JJ 2058 2066 function function NN 2067 2069 of of IN 2070 2073 the the DT 2074 2084 peri-kappa peri-kappa NN 2085 2086 B B NNP 2087 2093 factor factor NN 2094 2097 may may MD 2098 2108 ultimately ultimately RB 2109 2116 provide provide VB 2117 2124 insight insight NN 2125 2129 into into IN 2130 2133 the the DT 2134 2143 different different JJ 2144 2148 role role NN 2149 2158 monocytes monocyte NNS 2159 2162 and and CC 2163 2164 T t NN 2165 2170 cells cell NNS 2171 2175 play play VBP 2176 2178 in in IN 2179 2182 HIV HIV NNP 2183 2195 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 2195 2196 . . .