0 9 Functions function NNS 10 12 of of IN 13 24 glutathione glutathione NN 25 28 and and CC 29 40 glutathione glutathione NN 41 50 disulfide disulfide NN 51 53 in in IN 54 64 immunology immunology NN 65 68 and and CC 69 84 immunopathology immunopathology NN 84 85 . . . 87 91 Even even RB 92 93 a a DT 94 102 moderate moderate JJ 103 111 increase increase NN 112 114 in in IN 115 118 the the DT 119 127 cellular cellular JJ 128 136 cysteine cysteine NN 137 143 supply supply NN 144 152 elevates elevate VBZ 153 156 the the DT 157 170 intracellular intracellular JJ 171 182 glutathione glutathione NN 183 184 ( ( ( 184 187 GSH GSH NNP 187 188 ) ) ) 189 192 and and CC 193 204 glutathione glutathione NN 205 214 disulfide disulfide NN 215 216 ( ( ( 216 220 GSSG GSSG NNP 220 221 ) ) ) 222 228 levels level NNS 229 232 and and CC 233 244 potentiates potentiate VBZ 245 258 immunological immunological JJ 259 268 functions function NNS 269 271 of of IN 272 283 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 284 286 in in FW 287 292 vitro vitro FW 292 293 . . . 294 296 At at IN 297 300 low low JJ 301 305 GSSG GSSG NNP 306 312 levels level NNS 312 313 , , , 314 315 T t NN 316 321 cells cell NNS 322 328 cannot cannot MD 329 338 optimally optimally RB 339 347 activate activate VB 348 351 the the DT 352 367 immunologically immunologically RB 368 377 important important JJ 378 391 transcription transcription NN 392 398 factor factor NN 399 401 NF NF NNP 402 407 kappa kappa NN 408 409 B B NNP 409 410 , , , 411 418 whereas whereas IN 419 423 high high JJ 424 428 GSSG GSSG NNP 429 435 levels level NNS 436 443 inhibit inhibit VBP 444 447 the the DT 448 451 DNA dna NN 452 459 binding binding NN 460 468 activity activity NN 469 471 of of IN 472 474 NF NF NNP 475 480 kappa kappa NN 481 483 B. B. NNP 484 487 The the DT 488 495 effects effect NNS 496 498 of of IN 499 503 GSSG GSSG NNP 504 507 are be VBP 508 519 antagonized antagonize VBN 520 522 by by IN 523 530 reduced reduce VBN 531 542 thioredoxin thioredoxin NN 543 544 ( ( ( 544 547 TRX TRX NNP 547 548 ) ) ) 548 549 . . . 550 552 As as IN 553 556 the the DT 557 564 protein protein NN 565 573 tyrosine tyrosine NN 574 580 kinase kinase NNP 581 591 activities activity NNS 592 598 p56lck p56lck NN 599 602 and and CC 603 609 p59fyn p59fyn NN 610 613 are be VBP 614 623 activated activate VBN 624 626 in in IN 627 633 intact intact JJ 634 639 cells cell NNS 640 642 by by IN 643 651 hydrogen hydrogen NN 652 660 peroxide peroxide NN 660 661 , , , 662 666 they they PRP 667 670 are be VBP 671 677 likely likely JJ 678 685 targets target NNS 686 689 for for IN 690 694 GSSG GSSG NNP 695 701 action action NN 701 702 . . . 703 708 These these DT 709 724 redox-regulated redox-regulated JJ 725 732 enzymes enzyme NNS 733 740 trigger trigger VBP 741 747 signal signal NN 748 756 cascades cascade NNS 757 760 for for IN 761 763 NF NF NNP 764 769 kappa kappa NN 770 771 B B NNP 772 782 activation activation NN 783 786 and and CC 787 796 transduce transduce VB 797 804 signals signal NNS 805 809 from from IN 810 813 the the DT 814 815 T t NN 816 820 cell cell NN 821 828 antigen antigen NN 829 837 receptor receptor NN 837 838 , , , 839 843 from from IN 844 847 CD4 cd4 NN 848 851 and and CC 852 855 CD8 cd8 NN 856 865 molecules molecule NNS 865 866 , , , 867 870 and and CC 871 875 from from IN 876 879 the the DT 880 884 IL-2 il-2 NN 885 893 receptor receptor NN 894 904 beta-chain beta-chain NN 904 905 . . . 906 909 The the DT 910 918 effector effector NN 919 924 phase phase NN 925 927 of of IN 928 937 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ 938 939 T t NN 940 944 cell cell NN 945 954 responses response NNS 955 958 and and CC 959 973 IL-2-dependent il-2-dependent JJ 974 983 functions function NNS 984 987 are be VBP 988 997 inhibited inhibit VBN 998 1002 even even RB 1003 1005 by by IN 1006 1007 a a DT 1008 1015 partial partial JJ 1016 1025 depletion depletion NN 1026 1028 of of IN 1029 1032 the the DT 1033 1046 intracellular intracellular JJ 1047 1050 GSH gsh NN 1051 1055 pool pool NN 1055 1056 . . . 1057 1059 As as IN 1060 1066 signal signal NN 1067 1079 transduction transduction NN 1080 1082 is be VBZ 1083 1094 facilitated facilitate VBN 1095 1097 by by IN 1098 1108 prooxidant prooxidant JJ 1109 1119 conditions condition NNS 1119 1120 , , , 1121 1123 we we PRP 1124 1131 propose propose VBP 1132 1136 that that IN 1137 1140 the the DT 1141 1151 well-known well-known JJ 1152 1165 immunological immunological JJ 1166 1178 consequences consequence NNS 1179 1181 of of IN 1182 1185 GSH gsh NN 1186 1195 depletion depletion NN 1196 1206 ultimately ultimately RB 1207 1210 may may MD 1211 1213 be be VB 1214 1221 results result NNS 1222 1224 of of IN 1225 1228 the the DT 1229 1241 accompanying accompany VBG 1242 1246 GSSG gssg NN 1247 1257 deficiency deficiency NN 1257 1258 . . . 1259 1261 As as IN 1262 1274 HIV-infected hiv-infected JJ 1275 1283 patients patient NNS 1284 1287 and and CC 1288 1300 SIV-infected siv-infected JJ 1301 1307 rhesus rhesus NN 1308 1316 macaques macaque NNS 1317 1321 have have VBP 1321 1322 , , , 1323 1325 on on IN 1326 1329 the the DT 1330 1337 average average NN 1337 1338 , , , 1339 1352 significantly significantly RB 1353 1362 decreased decrease VBN 1363 1369 plasma plasma NN 1370 1380 cyst(e)ine cyst(e)ine NN 1381 1384 and and CC 1385 1398 intracellular intracellular JJ 1399 1402 GSH gsh NN 1403 1409 levels level NNS 1409 1410 , , , 1411 1413 we we PRP 1414 1418 also also RB 1419 1430 hypothesize hypothesize VBP 1431 1435 that that IN 1436 1440 AIDS AIDS NNP 1441 1444 may may MD 1445 1447 be be VB 1448 1451 the the DT 1452 1463 consequence consequence NN 1464 1466 of of IN 1467 1468 a a DT 1469 1473 GSSG GSSG NNP 1474 1484 deficiency deficiency NN 1485 1487 as as RB 1488 1492 well well RB 1492 1493 . . .