0 13 Superantigens superantigen NNS 14 22 activate activate VBP 23 28 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 29 33 gene gene NN 34 44 expression expression NN 45 47 in in IN 48 57 monocytic monocytic JJ 58 63 cells cell NNS 63 64 . . . 66 73 Binding binding NN 74 76 of of IN 77 90 superantigens superantigen NNS 91 93 to to TO 94 97 MHC MHC NNP 98 103 class class NN 104 106 II ii CD 107 116 molecules molecule NNS 117 124 results result VBZ 125 127 in in IN 128 140 transduction transduction NN 141 143 of of IN 144 155 biochemical biochemical JJ 156 163 signals signal NNS 164 171 leading lead VBG 172 174 to to TO 175 183 cellular cellular JJ 184 194 activation activation NN 195 198 and and CC 199 203 gene gene NN 204 214 expression expression NN 214 215 . . . 216 218 We we PRP 219 230 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 231 235 that that IN 236 239 the the DT 240 254 staphylococcal staphylococcal JJ 255 268 superantigens superantigen NNS 269 274 toxic toxic JJ 275 280 shock shock NN 281 289 syndrome syndrome NN 290 297 toxin-1 toxin-1 NN 298 299 ( ( ( 299 305 TSST-1 tsst-1 NN 305 306 ) ) ) 307 310 and and CC 311 325 staphylococcal staphylococcal JJ 326 337 enterotoxin enterotoxin NN 338 339 A A NNP 340 341 ( ( ( 341 344 SEA SEA NNP 344 345 ) ) ) 346 354 activate activate VBP 355 371 HIV-1-LTR-driven hiv-1-ltr-driven JJ 372 385 transcription transcription NN 386 388 of of IN 389 404 chloramphenicol chloramphenicol NN 405 411 acetyl acetyl NN 412 423 transferase transferase NN 424 426 in in IN 427 430 the the DT 431 436 human human JJ 437 446 monocytic monocytic JJ 447 451 cell cell NN 452 456 line line NN 457 462 THP-1 thp-1 NN 462 463 . . . 464 473 Induction Induction NNP 474 476 of of IN 477 493 HIV-1-LTR-driven hiv-1-ltr-driven JJ 494 507 transcription transcription NN 508 510 in in IN 511 516 THP-1 thp-1 NN 517 522 cells cell NNS 523 525 by by IN 526 539 superantigens superantigen NNS 540 543 was be VBD 544 554 associated associate VBN 555 559 with with IN 560 563 the the DT 564 573 induction induction NN 574 576 of of IN 577 584 nuclear nuclear JJ 585 597 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 598 599 B B NNP 600 611 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 612 620 activity activity NN 620 621 . . . 622 635 Superantigens Superantigen NNP 636 640 also also RB 641 650 increased increase VBD 651 656 viral viral JJ 657 664 protein protein NN 665 674 secretion secretion NN 675 679 from from IN 680 683 the the DT 684 706 granulocyte-macrophage granulocyte-macrophage JJ 707 725 colony-stimulating colony-stimulating JJ 726 743 factor-pretreated factor-pretreated JJ 744 755 chronically chronically RB 756 764 infected infected JJ 765 770 human human JJ 771 780 monocytic monocytic JJ 781 785 cell cell NN 786 790 line line NN 791 793 U1 u1 NN 793 794 . . . 795 804 Induction Induction NNP 805 807 of of IN 808 813 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 814 818 gene gene NN 819 829 expression expression NN 830 832 in in IN 833 842 monocytic monocytic JJ 843 848 cells cell NNS 849 851 by by IN 852 865 superantigens superantigen NNS 866 874 occurred occur VBD 875 878 via via IN 879 884 tumor tumor NN 885 893 necrosis necrosis NN 894 916 factor-alpha-dependent factor-alpha-dependent JJ 917 920 and and CC 921 933 -independent -independent JJ 934 944 mechanisms mechanism NNS 944 945 . . . 946 949 Our our PRP$ 950 957 results result NNS 958 965 suggest suggest VBP 966 970 that that IN 971 984 superantigens superantigen NNS 985 988 and and CC 989 994 other other JJ 995 998 MHC MHC NNP 999 1004 class class NN 1005 1007 II ii CD 1008 1015 ligands ligand NNS 1016 1019 may may MD 1020 1028 activate activate VB 1029 1034 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1035 1039 gene gene NN 1040 1050 expression expression NN 1051 1053 in in IN 1054 1075 monocytes/macrophages monocytes/macrophage NNS 1075 1076 . . .