0 11 Stimulation stimulation NN 12 14 of of IN 15 18 HIV HIV NNP 19 30 replication replication NN 31 33 in in IN 34 45 mononuclear mononuclear JJ 46 56 phagocytes phagocyte NNS 57 59 by by IN 60 68 leukemia leukemia NN 69 79 inhibitory inhibitory JJ 80 86 factor factor NN 86 87 . . . 89 93 This this DT 94 99 study study NN 100 108 examined examine VBD 109 112 the the DT 113 120 effects effect NNS 121 123 of of IN 124 132 leukemia leukemia NN 133 143 inhibitory inhibitory JJ 144 150 factor factor NN 151 152 ( ( ( 152 155 LIF LIF NNP 155 156 ) ) ) 157 159 on on IN 160 165 human human JJ 166 182 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 183 188 virus virus NN 189 190 ( ( ( 190 193 HIV HIV NNP 193 194 ) ) ) 195 206 replication replication NN 207 209 in in IN 210 221 mononuclear mononuclear JJ 222 232 phagocytes phagocyte NNS 233 234 ( ( ( 234 237 MNP MNP NNP 237 238 ) ) ) 238 239 . . . 240 243 LIF LIF NNP 244 251 induced induce VBD 252 253 a a DT 254 268 dose-dependent dose-dependent JJ 269 277 increase increase NN 278 280 in in IN 281 284 p24 p24 NN 285 292 antigen antigen NN 293 303 production production NN 304 306 in in IN 307 310 the the DT 311 322 chronically chronically RB 323 331 infected infected JJ 332 344 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 345 349 cell cell NN 350 354 line line NN 355 357 U1 u1 NN 357 358 . . . 359 362 The the DT 363 372 magnitude magnitude NN 373 376 and and CC 377 381 time time NN 382 390 kinetics kinetic NNS 391 393 of of IN 394 397 the the DT 398 401 LIF LIF NNP 402 409 effects effect NNS 410 414 were be VBD 415 422 similar similar JJ 423 425 to to TO 426 437 interleukin interleukin NN 438 439 1 1 CD 440 441 ( ( ( 441 445 IL-1 il-1 NN 445 446 ) ) ) 446 447 , , , 448 452 IL-6 IL-6 NNP 452 453 , , , 454 457 and and CC 458 463 tumor tumor NN 464 472 necrosis necrosis NN 473 479 factor factor NN 480 481 ( ( ( 481 484 TNF TNF NNP 484 485 ) ) ) 485 486 , , , 487 492 other other JJ 493 502 cytokines cytokine NNS 503 508 known know VBN 509 511 to to TO 512 518 induce induce VB 519 522 HIV HIV NNP 523 534 replication replication NN 535 537 in in IN 538 542 this this DT 543 547 cell cell NN 548 552 line line NN 552 553 . . . 554 556 To to TO 557 569 characterize characterize VB 570 580 mechanisms mechanism NNS 581 592 responsible responsible JJ 593 596 for for IN 597 602 these these DT 603 606 LIF LIF NNP 607 614 effects effect NNS 614 615 , , , 616 622 levels level NNS 623 625 of of IN 626 629 HIV HIV NNP 630 634 mRNA mRNA NNP 634 635 , , , 636 646 activation activation NN 647 649 of of IN 650 653 the the DT 654 657 DNA dna NN 658 665 binding binding NN 666 673 protein protein NN 674 681 nuclear nuclear JJ 682 688 factor factor NN 689 690 ( ( ( 690 696 NF)-kB NF)-kB NNP 696 697 , , , 698 704 signal signal NN 705 717 transduction transduction NN 718 726 pathways pathway NNS 726 727 , , , 728 731 and and CC 732 741 potential potential JJ 742 754 interactions interaction NNS 755 759 with with IN 760 765 other other JJ 766 775 cytokines cytokine NNS 776 780 were be VBD 781 789 analyzed analyze VBN 789 790 . . . 791 794 LIF LIF NNP 795 804 increased increase VBD 805 817 steady-state steady-state JJ 818 824 levels level NNS 825 827 of of IN 828 831 HIV HIV NNP 832 836 mRNA mRNA NNP 837 839 at at IN 840 843 2.0 2.0 CD 843 844 , , , 845 848 4.3 4.3 CD 848 849 , , , 850 853 and and CC 854 857 9.2 9.2 CD 858 860 kB kb NN 860 861 . . . 862 866 This this DT 867 870 was be VBD 871 881 detectable detectable JJ 882 884 by by IN 885 887 24 24 CD 888 889 h h NN 890 893 and and CC 894 903 persisted persist VBD 904 909 until until IN 910 912 72 72 CD 913 915 h. h. NN 916 919 The the DT 920 923 DNA dna NN 924 931 binding binding NN 932 939 protein protein NN 940 945 NF-kB NF-kB NNP 946 948 is be VBZ 949 950 a a DT 951 958 central central JJ 959 967 mediator mediator NN 968 970 in in IN 971 979 cytokine cytokine NN 980 990 activation activation NN 991 993 of of IN 994 997 HIV HIV NNP 998 1011 transcription transcription NN 1011 1012 . . . 1013 1018 NF-kB NF-kB NNP 1019 1025 levels level NNS 1026 1030 were be VBD 1031 1037 higher high JJR 1038 1040 in in IN 1041 1053 unstimulated unstimulated JJ 1054 1056 U1 u1 NN 1057 1062 cells cell NNS 1063 1065 as as IN 1066 1074 compared compare VBN 1075 1077 to to TO 1078 1081 the the DT 1082 1088 parent parent NN 1089 1093 cell cell NN 1094 1098 line line NN 1099 1103 U937 u937 NN 1103 1104 . . . 1105 1107 In in IN 1108 1112 both both DT 1113 1117 cell cell NN 1118 1123 lines line NNS 1124 1127 LIF lif NN 1128 1137 increased increase VBD 1138 1143 NF-kB NF-kB NNP 1144 1152 activity activity NN 1152 1153 . . . 1154 1163 Induction Induction NNP 1164 1166 of of IN 1167 1172 NF-kB NF-kB NNP 1173 1176 and and CC 1177 1180 HIV HIV NNP 1181 1192 replication replication NN 1193 1195 by by IN 1196 1205 cytokines cytokine NNS 1206 1209 are be VBP 1210 1212 at at IN 1213 1218 least least JJS 1219 1221 in in IN 1222 1226 part part NN 1227 1236 dependent dependent JJ 1237 1239 on on IN 1240 1248 reactive reactive JJ 1249 1255 oxygen oxygen NN 1256 1269 intermediates intermediate NNS 1269 1270 . . . 1271 1274 The the DT 1275 1281 oxygen oxygen NN 1282 1289 radical radical NN 1290 1299 scavenger scavenger NN 1300 1319 N-acetyl-L-cysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine NNP 1319 1320 , , , 1321 1324 but but CC 1325 1328 not not RB 1329 1331 an an DT 1332 1341 inhibitor inhibitor NN 1342 1344 of of IN 1345 1351 nitric nitric JJ 1352 1357 oxide oxide NN 1358 1366 synthase synthase NN 1366 1367 , , , 1368 1377 inhibited inhibit VBD 1378 1389 LIF-induced lif-induced JJ 1390 1393 HIV HIV NNP 1394 1405 replication replication NN 1405 1406 . . . 1407 1410 LIF LIF NNP 1411 1418 induces induce VBZ 1419 1422 the the DT 1423 1433 production production NN 1434 1436 of of IN 1437 1442 other other JJ 1443 1452 cytokines cytokine NNS 1453 1455 in in IN 1456 1465 monocytes monocyte NNS 1466 1469 but but CC 1470 1473 its its PRP$ 1474 1481 effects effect NNS 1482 1484 on on IN 1485 1488 HIV HIV NNP 1489 1500 replication replication NN 1501 1505 were be VBD 1506 1509 not not RB 1510 1519 inhibited inhibit VBN 1520 1522 by by IN 1523 1533 antibodies antibody NNS 1534 1536 to to TO 1537 1541 IL-1 IL-1 NNP 1541 1542 , , , 1543 1546 TNF TNF NNP 1546 1547 , , , 1548 1550 or or CC 1551 1555 IL-6 IL-6 NNP 1555 1556 . . . 1557 1562 These these DT 1563 1570 results result NNS 1571 1579 identify identify VBP 1580 1583 LIF lif NN 1584 1586 as as IN 1587 1588 a a DT 1589 1597 stimulus stimulus NN 1598 1600 of of IN 1601 1604 HIV HIV NNP 1605 1616 replication replication NN 1616 1617 . . . 1618 1619 ( ( ( 1619 1627 ABSTRACT abstract NN 1628 1637 TRUNCATED truncated VBN 1638 1640 AT at IN 1641 1644 250 250 CD 1645 1650 WORDS words NNS 1650 1651 ) ) )