0 5 Human human JJ 6 22 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 23 28 virus virus NN 29 33 type type NN 34 35 1 1 CD 36 39 Tat Tat NNP 40 51 upregulates upregulate VBZ 52 65 interleukin-2 interleukin-2 NN 66 75 secretion secretion NN 76 78 in in IN 79 88 activated activate VBN 89 90 T t NN 91 96 cells cell NNS 96 97 . . . 99 112 Dysregulation dysregulation NN 113 115 of of IN 116 125 cytokines cytokine NNS 126 134 secreted secrete VBN 135 137 by by IN 138 139 T t NN 140 145 cells cell NNS 146 149 may may MD 150 154 play play VB 155 157 an an DT 158 167 important important JJ 168 172 role role NN 173 175 in in IN 176 179 the the DT 180 192 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 193 195 of of IN 196 200 AIDS AIDS NNP 200 201 . . . 202 204 To to TO 205 216 investigate investigate VB 217 220 the the DT 221 228 effects effect NNS 229 231 of of IN 232 237 human human JJ 238 254 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 255 260 virus virus NN 261 265 type type NN 266 267 1 1 CD 268 269 ( ( ( 269 274 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 274 275 ) ) ) 276 279 Tat Tat NNP 280 282 on on IN 283 296 interleukin-2 interleukin-2 NN 297 298 ( ( ( 298 302 IL-2 il-2 NN 302 303 ) ) ) 304 314 expression expression NN 314 315 , , , 316 318 we we PRP 319 323 used use VBD 324 328 IL-2 il-2 NN 329 353 promoter-chloramphenicol promoter-chloramphenicol JJ 354 371 acetyltransferase acetyltransferase NN 372 382 constructs construct NNS 383 386 and and CC 387 401 IL-2-secreting il-2-secreting JJ 402 408 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 409 410 T t NN 411 416 cells cell NNS 417 419 as as IN 420 421 a a DT 422 427 model model NN 428 434 system system NN 434 435 . . . 436 445 Transient transient JJ 446 456 expression expression NN 457 459 of of IN 460 465 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 466 469 Tat Tat NNP 470 477 induced induce VBD 478 479 a a DT 480 485 five- five- CD 486 488 to to TO 489 498 eightfold eightfold JJ 499 507 increase increase NN 508 510 in in IN 511 515 IL-2 il-2 NN 516 524 promoter promoter NN 525 533 activity activity NN 534 536 in in IN 537 543 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 544 545 T t NN 546 551 cells cell NNS 552 562 stimulated stimulate VBN 563 567 with with IN 568 586 phytohemagglutinin phytohemagglutinin NN 587 590 and and CC 591 598 phorbol phorbol NN 599 608 myristate myristate NN 609 616 acetate acetate NN 616 617 . . . 618 622 IL-2 il-2 NN 623 632 secretion secretion NN 633 636 was be VBD 637 646 increased increase VBN 647 651 more more RBR 652 656 than than IN 657 664 twofold twofold RB 665 667 in in IN 668 672 both both CC 673 679 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 680 681 T t NN 682 687 cells cell NNS 688 691 and and CC 692 699 primary primary JJ 700 701 T t NN 702 707 cells cell NNS 708 718 stimulated stimulate VBN 719 721 by by IN 722 735 extracellular extracellular JJ 736 741 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 742 745 Tat Tat NNP 746 753 protein protein NN 753 754 . . . 755 763 Analysis Analysis NNP 764 766 of of IN 767 771 mRNA mRNA NNP 772 781 suggested suggest VBD 782 786 that that IN 787 790 Tat Tat NNP 791 797 exerts exert VBZ 798 801 its its PRP$ 802 808 effect effect NN 809 811 on on IN 812 816 IL-2 il-2 NN 817 826 primarily primarily RB 827 829 at at IN 830 833 the the DT 834 849 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 850 855 level level NN 855 856 . . . 857 860 The the DT 861 869 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 870 871 B B NNP 872 876 site site NN 877 879 at at IN 880 889 positions position NNS 890 894 -206 -206 CD 895 897 to to TO 898 902 -195 -195 CD 903 905 of of IN 906 909 the the DT 910 914 IL-2 il-2 NN 915 923 promoter promoter NN 924 927 was be VBD 928 936 required require VBN 937 940 but but CC 941 944 not not RB 945 955 sufficient sufficient JJ 956 959 for for IN 960 963 the the DT 964 967 Tat Tat NNP 968 974 effect effect NN 974 975 . . . 976 979 The the DT 980 992 Tat-mediated tat-mediated JJ 993 1001 increase increase NN 1002 1004 in in IN 1005 1009 IL-2 il-2 NN 1010 1018 promoter promoter NN 1019 1027 activity activity NN 1028 1033 could could MD 1034 1045 selectively selectively RB 1046 1048 be be VB 1049 1056 blocked block VBN 1057 1059 by by IN 1060 1069 antisense antisense JJ 1070 1073 tat tat NN 1074 1083 or-unlike or-unlike IN 1084 1087 the the DT 1088 1097 analogous analogous JJ 1098 1104 effect effect NN 1105 1107 of of IN 1108 1113 human human JJ 1114 1120 T-cell t-cell NN 1121 1133 lymphotropic lymphotropic JJ 1134 1139 virus virus NN 1140 1144 type type NN 1145 1146 1 1 CD 1147 1153 Tax-by Tax-by NNP 1154 1165 cyclosporin cyclosporin NN 1166 1167 A a NN 1167 1168 . . . 1169 1172 The the DT 1173 1181 observed observe VBN 1182 1190 increase increase NN 1191 1193 in in IN 1194 1198 IL-2 il-2 NN 1199 1205 levels level NNS 1206 1211 might might MD 1212 1222 facilitate facilitate VB 1223 1228 virus virus NN 1229 1235 spread spread VBN 1236 1240 from from IN 1241 1243 or or CC 1244 1246 to to TO 1247 1248 T t NN 1249 1254 cells cell NNS 1254 1255 . . . 1256 1267 Furthermore furthermore RB 1267 1268 , , , 1269 1271 it it PRP 1272 1277 might might MD 1278 1288 contribute contribute VB 1289 1291 to to TO 1292 1295 the the DT 1296 1318 hypergammaglobulinemia hypergammaglobulinemia NN 1319 1321 or or CC 1321 1322 , , , 1323 1331 together together RB 1332 1336 with with IN 1337 1342 other other JJ 1343 1352 cytokines cytokine NNS 1353 1358 found find VBN 1359 1361 to to TO 1362 1364 be be VB 1365 1377 dysregulated dysregulate VBN 1377 1378 , , , 1379 1382 the the DT 1383 1391 T-helper T-helper NNP 1392 1396 cell cell NN 1397 1409 dysfunctions dysfunction NNS 1410 1418 observed observe VBN 1419 1421 in in IN 1422 1426 AIDS AIDS NNP 1427 1435 patients patient NNS 1435 1436 . . .