0 7 Soluble soluble JJ 8 13 tumor tumor NN 14 22 necrosis necrosis NN 23 29 factor factor NN 30 39 receptors receptor NNS 40 47 inhibit inhibit VBP 48 55 phorbol phorbol NN 56 65 myristate myristate NN 66 73 acetate acetate NN 74 77 and and CC 78 94 cytokine-induced cytokine-induced JJ 95 100 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 101 111 expression expression NN 112 123 chronically chronically RB 124 132 infected infected JJ 133 135 U1 u1 NN 136 141 cells cell NNS 141 142 . . . 144 155 Recombinant recombinant JJ 156 161 human human JJ 162 167 tumor tumor NN 168 176 necrosis necrosis NN 177 183 factor factor NN 184 185 ( ( ( 185 188 TNF TNF NNP 188 189 ) ) ) 190 197 binding binding NN 198 207 protein-1 protein-1 NN 208 209 ( ( ( 209 212 r-h r-h JJ 213 218 TBP-1 tbp-1 NN 218 219 ) ) ) 220 223 and and CC 224 235 recombinant recombinant JJ 236 241 human human JJ 242 249 soluble soluble JJ 250 257 dimeric dimeric JJ 258 261 TNF tnf NN 262 270 receptor receptor NN 271 272 ( ( ( 272 275 rhu rhu NN 276 283 TNFR:Fc TNFR:Fc NNP 283 284 ) ) ) 285 289 were be VBD 290 294 used use VBN 295 297 to to TO 298 307 determine determine VB 308 311 the the DT 312 320 relative relative JJ 321 334 contributions contribution NNS 335 337 of of IN 338 341 TNF TNF NNP 342 344 to to TO 345 352 phorbol phorbol NN 353 362 myristate myristate NN 363 370 acetate acetate NN 371 372 ( ( ( 372 375 PMA PMA NNP 375 376 ) ) ) 377 380 and and CC 381 397 cytokine-induced cytokine-induced JJ 398 403 human human JJ 404 420 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 421 426 virus virus NN 427 431 type type NN 432 433 1 1 CD 434 435 ( ( ( 435 440 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 440 441 ) ) ) 442 453 replication replication NN 454 456 in in IN 457 468 chronically chronically RB 469 477 infected infected JJ 478 482 cell cell NN 483 488 lines line NNS 488 489 . . . 490 499 Treatment Treatment NNP 500 502 of of IN 503 517 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 518 530 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 531 533 U1 u1 NN 534 539 cells cell NNS 540 544 with with IN 545 554 r-h-TBP-1 r-h-tbp-1 NN 555 557 or or CC 558 561 rhu rhu NNP 562 569 TNFR:Fc TNFR:Fc NNP 570 577 reduced reduce VBD 578 589 PMA-induced pma-induced JJ 590 595 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 596 599 p24 p24 NN 600 607 antigen antigen NN 608 618 production production NN 619 621 in in IN 622 623 a a DT 624 647 concentration-dependent concentration-dependent JJ 648 654 manner manner NN 654 655 , , , 656 660 with with IN 661 662 a a DT 663 670 maximal maximal JJ 671 681 inhibition inhibition NN 682 684 of of IN 685 698 approximately approximately RB 699 701 90 90 CD 701 702 % % NN 702 703 . . . 704 711 Maximal maximal JJ 712 722 inhibition inhibition NN 723 725 of of IN 726 729 p24 p24 NN 730 737 antigen antigen NN 738 748 production production NN 749 751 in in IN 752 765 T-lymphocytic t-lymphocytic JJ 766 771 ACH-2 ach-2 NN 772 777 cells cell NNS 778 781 was be VBD 782 784 47 47 CD 784 785 % % NN 786 790 with with IN 791 799 r-hTBP-1 r-htbp-1 NN 800 803 and and CC 804 806 42 42 CD 806 807 % % NN 808 812 with with IN 813 816 rhu rhu JJ 817 825 TNFR:Fc. TNFR:Fc. NNP 826 834 r-hTBP-1 r-htbp-1 NN 835 838 and and CC 839 842 rhu rhu NNP 843 850 TNFR:Fc TNFR:Fc NNP 851 855 also also RB 856 865 decreased decrease VBD 866 869 p24 p24 NN 870 877 antigen antigen NN 878 889 synthesized synthesize VBN 890 892 by by IN 893 895 U1 u1 NN 896 901 cells cell NNS 902 904 in in IN 905 913 response response NN 914 916 to to TO 917 922 other other JJ 923 930 stimuli stimulus NNS 930 931 , , , 932 941 including include VBG 942 960 phytohemagglutinin phytohemagglutinin NN 961 962 ( ( ( 962 974 PHA)-induced pha)-induced JJ 975 986 supernatant supernatant NN 986 987 , , , 988 1010 granulocyte-macrophage granulocyte-macrophage JJ 1011 1029 colony-stimulating colony-stimulating JJ 1030 1036 factor factor NN 1036 1037 , , , 1038 1051 interleukin-6 interleukin-6 NN 1051 1052 , , , 1053 1056 and and CC 1057 1060 TNF TNF NNP 1060 1061 . . . 1062 1070 Addition addition NN 1071 1073 of of IN 1074 1082 r-hTBP-1 r-htbp-1 NN 1083 1085 to to TO 1086 1088 U1 u1 NN 1089 1094 cells cell NNS 1095 1101 during during IN 1102 1105 the the DT 1106 1110 last last JJ 1111 1112 4 4 CD 1113 1114 h h NN 1115 1117 of of IN 1118 1119 a a DT 1120 1122 24 24 CD 1123 1124 h h NN 1125 1135 incubation incubation NN 1136 1140 with with IN 1141 1144 PMA PMA NNP 1145 1150 still still RB 1151 1160 inhibited inhibit VBD 1161 1164 p24 p24 NN 1165 1172 antigen antigen NN 1173 1183 production production NN 1184 1186 by by IN 1187 1189 15 15 CD 1189 1190 % % NN 1190 1191 . . . 1192 1194 U1 u1 NN 1195 1200 cells cell NNS 1201 1211 stimulated stimulate VBN 1212 1216 with with IN 1217 1223 10(-7) 10(-7) CD 1224 1225 M M NNP 1226 1229 PMA PMA NNP 1230 1238 released release VBD 1239 1252 approximately approximately RB 1253 1254 1 1 CD 1255 1260 ng/ml ng/ml NN 1261 1271 endogenous endogenous JJ 1272 1277 TBP-1 tbp-1 NN 1278 1282 with with IN 1283 1285 an an DT 1286 1293 initial initial JJ 1294 1298 peak peak NN 1299 1307 observed observe VBN 1308 1310 at at IN 1311 1312 1 1 CD 1313 1314 h h NN 1315 1318 and and CC 1319 1320 a a DT 1321 1327 second second JJ 1328 1332 peak peak NN 1333 1335 at at IN 1336 1338 24 24 CD 1339 1340 h h NN 1341 1346 after after IN 1347 1350 PMA PMA NNP 1351 1363 stimulation. stimulation. NN 1364 1372 r-hTBP-1 r-htbp-1 NN 1373 1377 also also RB 1378 1387 partially partially RB 1388 1396 reversed reverse VBD 1397 1407 inhibition inhibition NN 1408 1410 of of IN 1411 1413 U1 u1 NN 1414 1422 cellular cellular JJ 1423 1436 proliferation proliferation NN 1437 1443 caused cause VBN 1444 1446 by by IN 1447 1450 PMA PMA NNP 1450 1451 . . . 1452 1456 Both both CC 1457 1465 r-hTBP-1 r-htbp-1 NN 1466 1469 and and CC 1470 1473 rhu rhu NNP 1474 1481 TNFR:Fc TNFR:Fc NNP 1482 1489 blocked block VBD 1490 1493 PMA PMA NNP 1494 1503 induction induction NN 1504 1506 of of IN 1507 1514 nuclear nuclear JJ 1515 1521 factor factor NN 1522 1523 ( ( ( 1523 1527 NK)- nk)- NN 1528 1533 kappa kappa NN 1534 1535 B B NNP 1536 1547 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1548 1556 activity activity NN 1557 1559 in in IN 1560 1562 U1 u1 NN 1563 1568 cells cell NNS 1569 1571 in in IN 1572 1583 association association NN 1584 1588 with with IN 1589 1598 decreases decrease NNS 1599 1601 in in IN 1602 1607 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1608 1619 replication replication NN 1619 1620 . . . 1621 1623 We we PRP 1624 1632 conclude conclude VBP 1633 1637 that that IN 1638 1645 soluble soluble JJ 1646 1649 TNF tnf NN 1650 1659 receptors receptor NNS 1660 1663 can can MD 1664 1671 inhibit inhibit VB 1672 1687 stimuli-induced stimuli-induced JJ 1688 1693 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1694 1704 expression expression NN 1705 1708 and and CC 1709 1712 NK- nk- NN 1713 1718 kappa kappa NN 1719 1720 B B NNP 1721 1732 DNA-binding dna-binding JJ 1733 1741 activity activity NN 1742 1744 in in IN 1745 1756 chronically chronically RB 1757 1765 infected infected JJ 1766 1768 U1 u1 NN 1769 1774 cells cell NNS 1774 1775 . . .