0 4 Heat Heat NNP 5 10 shock shock NN 11 18 induces induce VBZ 19 24 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 25 36 replication replication NN 37 39 in in IN 40 51 chronically chronically RB 52 60 infected infected JJ 61 73 promyelocyte promyelocyte NN 74 78 cell cell NN 79 83 line line NN 84 90 OM10.1 om10.1 NN 90 91 . . . 93 94 A a DT 95 99 long long JJ 100 106 period period NN 107 109 of of IN 110 118 clinical clinical JJ 119 126 latency latency NN 127 133 before before IN 134 145 development development NN 146 148 of of IN 149 157 symptoms symptom NNS 158 160 is be VBZ 161 175 characteristic characteristic JJ 176 178 of of IN 179 184 human human JJ 185 201 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 202 207 virus virus NN 208 212 type type NN 213 214 1 1 CD 215 216 ( ( ( 216 221 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 221 222 ) ) ) 223 232 infection infection NN 232 233 . . . 234 240 OM10.1 OM10.1 NNP 240 241 , , , 242 243 a a DT 244 256 promyelocyte promyelocyte JJ 257 261 cell cell NN 262 266 line line NN 267 275 latently latently RB 276 284 infected infect VBN 285 289 with with IN 290 295 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 295 296 , , , 297 300 has have VBZ 301 305 been be VBN 306 315 developed develop VBN 316 318 as as IN 319 320 a a DT 321 326 model model NN 327 330 for for IN 331 339 studying study VBG 340 343 the the DT 344 353 mechanism mechanism NN 354 356 of of IN 357 362 viral viral JJ 363 370 latency latency NN 371 374 and and CC 375 378 the the DT 379 389 activation activation NN 390 392 of of IN 393 398 virus virus NN 399 409 expression expression NN 409 410 . . . 411 413 We we PRP 414 419 found find VBD 420 424 that that IN 425 429 this this DT 430 438 latently latently RB 439 447 infected infected JJ 448 452 cell cell NN 453 457 line line NN 458 462 with with IN 463 467 heat heat NN 468 473 shock shock NN 474 476 at at IN 477 479 42 42 CD 480 487 degrees degree NNS 488 489 C c JJ 490 493 for for IN 494 495 2 2 CD 496 497 h h NN 498 506 resulted result VBD 507 509 in in IN 510 511 a a DT 512 516 high high JJ 517 522 level level NN 523 525 of of IN 526 531 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 532 542 production production NN 543 550 without without IN 551 559 addition addition NN 560 562 of of IN 563 566 any any DT 567 576 cytokines cytokine NNS 576 577 . . . 578 581 The the DT 582 591 mechanism mechanism NN 592 594 of of IN 595 605 activation activation NN 606 609 was be VBD 610 618 analyzed analyze VBN 619 621 by by IN 622 627 using use VBG 628 642 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha JJ 643 651 antibody antibody NN 652 655 and and CC 656 663 various various JJ 664 674 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 674 675 . . . 676 684 Although although IN 685 688 the the DT 689 698 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 699 704 level level NN 705 707 in in IN 708 715 culture culture NN 716 728 supernatants supernatant NNS 729 732 was be VBD 733 738 below below IN 739 742 the the DT 743 754 sensitivity sensitivity NN 755 757 of of IN 758 760 an an DT 761 766 ELISA ELISA NNP 767 772 assay assay NN 773 779 system system NN 779 780 , , , 781 789 addition addition NN 790 792 of of IN 793 807 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha JJ 808 816 antibody antibody NN 817 819 in in IN 820 827 culture culture NN 828 834 medium medium NN 835 840 could could MD 841 850 partially partially RB 851 859 suppress suppress VB 860 863 the the DT 864 868 heat heat NN 869 874 shock shock NN 875 882 induced induce VBD 883 888 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 889 899 production production NN 899 900 . . . 901 914 Staurosporine Staurosporine NNP 915 916 ( ( ( 916 919 PKC PKC NNP 920 929 inhibitor inhibitor NN 929 930 ) ) ) 930 931 , , , 932 946 pentoxifylline pentoxifylline NN 947 948 ( ( ( 948 956 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 957 958 B B NNP 959 968 inhibitor inhibitor NN 968 969 ) ) ) 969 970 , , , 971 974 and and CC 975 983 Ro5-3335 Ro5-3335 NNP 984 985 ( ( ( 985 990 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 991 994 Tat Tat NNP 995 1004 inhibitor inhibitor NN 1004 1005 ) ) ) 1006 1010 also also RB 1011 1020 inhibited inhibit VBD 1021 1034 significantly significantly RB 1035 1038 the the DT 1039 1043 heat heat NN 1044 1049 shock shock NN 1050 1057 induced induced JJ 1058 1063 virus virus NN 1064 1074 activation activation NN 1074 1075 . . . 1076 1078 In in IN 1079 1089 particular particular JJ 1089 1090 , , , 1091 1104 staurosporine staurosporine NN 1105 1113 achieved achieve VBD 1114 1127 approximately approximately RB 1128 1130 90 90 CD 1130 1131 % % NN 1132 1142 inhibition inhibition NN 1143 1145 of of IN 1146 1149 the the DT 1150 1155 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1156 1163 antigen antigen NN 1164 1174 expression expression NN 1175 1177 in in IN 1178 1182 heat heat NN 1183 1196 shock-treated shock-treated JJ 1197 1203 OM10.1 om10.1 NN 1204 1206 at at IN 1207 1208 a a DT 1209 1218 non-toxic non-toxic JJ 1219 1232 concentration concentration NN 1232 1233 . . . 1234 1242 Although although IN 1243 1246 the the DT 1247 1256 mechanism mechanism NN 1257 1259 of of IN 1260 1265 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1266 1276 activation activation NN 1277 1281 with with IN 1282 1286 heat heat NN 1287 1292 shock shock NN 1293 1296 has have VBZ 1297 1300 not not RB 1301 1305 been be VBN 1306 1311 fully fully RB 1312 1322 elucidated elucidate VBN 1323 1326 yet yet RB 1326 1327 , , , 1328 1330 it it PRP 1331 1333 is be VBZ 1334 1342 presumed presume VBN 1343 1346 PKC PKC NNP 1347 1352 plays play VBZ 1353 1355 an an DT 1356 1365 important important JJ 1366 1370 role role NN 1371 1373 in in IN 1374 1379 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1380 1390 activation activation NN 1390 1391 . . . 1392 1396 Thus thus RB 1396 1397 , , , 1398 1401 the the DT 1402 1409 present present JJ 1410 1422 observations observation NNS 1423 1427 will will MD 1428 1435 provide provide VB 1436 1437 a a DT 1438 1445 further further JJ 1446 1453 insight insight NN 1454 1458 into into IN 1459 1462 the the DT 1463 1475 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 1476 1478 of of IN 1479 1484 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1485 1495 infections infection NNS 1495 1496 . . .