0 3 The the DT 4 9 state state NN 10 12 of of IN 13 23 maturation maturation NN 24 26 of of IN 27 36 monocytes monocyte NNS 37 41 into into IN 42 53 macrophages macrophage NNS 54 64 determines determine VBZ 65 68 the the DT 69 76 effects effect NNS 77 79 of of IN 80 84 IL-4 il-4 NN 85 88 and and CC 89 94 IL-13 il-13 NN 95 97 on on IN 98 101 HIV HIV NNP 102 113 replication replication NN 113 114 . . . 116 119 The the DT 120 129 molecular molecular JJ 130 140 mechanisms mechanism NNS 141 143 of of IN 144 147 the the DT 148 155 effects effect NNS 156 158 of of IN 159 163 IL-4 il-4 NN 164 167 and and CC 168 173 IL-13 il-13 NN 174 176 on on IN 177 180 HIV HIV NNP 181 190 infection infection NN 191 193 in in IN 194 199 human human JJ 200 209 monocytes monocyte NNS 210 212 as as IN 213 217 they they PRP 218 225 matured mature VBD 226 230 into into IN 231 247 monocyte-derived monocyte-derived JJ 248 259 macrophages macrophage NNS 260 264 over over IN 265 266 7 7 CD 267 271 days day NNS 272 276 were be VBD 277 289 investigated investigate VBN 290 295 using use VBG 296 306 HIV-1(BaL) hiv-1(bal) NN 306 307 , , , 308 311 and and CC 312 315 low low JJ 316 323 passage passage NN 324 332 clinical clinical JJ 333 340 strains strain NNS 340 341 . . . 342 346 IL-4 il-4 NN 347 350 and and CC 351 356 IL-13 il-13 NN 357 369 up-regulated up-regulate VBD 370 373 the the DT 374 384 expression expression NN 385 387 of of IN 388 392 both both CC 393 400 genomic genomic JJ 401 404 and and CC 405 412 spliced splice VBN 413 416 HIV HIV NNP 417 421 mRNA mRNA NNP 422 424 in in IN 425 434 monocytes monocyte NNS 435 443 cultured culture VBN 444 446 on on IN 447 453 Teflon Teflon NNP 453 454 , , , 455 457 as as IN 458 468 determined determine VBN 469 471 by by IN 472 480 Northern northern JJ 481 489 analysis analysis NN 490 493 and and CC 494 497 p24 p24 NN 498 500 Ag ag NN 501 506 assay assay NN 506 507 . . . 508 513 Using use VBG 514 515 a a DT 516 523 nuclear nuclear JJ 524 530 run-on run-on JJ 531 536 assay assay NN 536 537 , , , 538 542 IL-4 il-4 NN 543 554 stimulation stimulation NN 555 558 was be VBD 559 564 shown show VBN 565 567 to to TO 568 575 enhance enhance VB 576 589 transcription transcription NN 590 592 by by IN 593 597 two- two- CD 598 600 to to TO 601 610 threefold threefold RB 610 611 . . . 612 616 IL-4 il-4 NN 617 627 stimulated stimulate VBD 628 635 nuclear nuclear JJ 636 649 factor-kappaB factor-kappab NN 650 657 nuclear nuclear JJ 658 671 translocation translocation NN 672 675 and and CC 676 683 binding binding NN 684 690 before before IN 691 702 enhancement enhancement NN 703 705 of of IN 706 709 HIV HIV NNP 710 713 RNA RNA NNP 714 724 expression expression NN 724 725 . . . 726 736 Conversely conversely RB 736 737 , , , 738 742 IL-4 il-4 NN 743 746 and and CC 747 752 IL-13 il-13 NN 753 761 markedly markedly RB 762 765 and and CC 766 779 significantly significantly RB 780 789 inhibited inhibit VBD 790 793 HIV HIV NNP 794 805 replication replication NN 806 808 at at IN 809 812 the the DT 813 828 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 829 834 level level NN 835 837 in in IN 838 854 monocyte-derived monocyte-derived JJ 855 866 macrophages macrophage NNS 866 867 , , , 868 871 and and CC 872 876 this this DT 877 885 occurred occur VBD 886 893 whether whether IN 894 899 these these DT 900 909 cytokines cytokine NNS 910 914 were be VBD 915 920 added add VBN 921 927 before before IN 928 930 or or CC 931 936 after after IN 937 940 HIV HIV NNP 941 950 infection infection NN 950 951 . . . 952 955 The the DT 956 964 reversal reversal NN 965 969 from from IN 970 981 stimulation stimulation NN 982 984 to to TO 985 995 inhibition inhibition NN 996 1004 occurred occur VBD 1005 1010 after after IN 1011 1012 3 3 CD 1013 1015 to to TO 1016 1017 5 5 CD 1018 1022 days day NNS 1023 1025 of of IN 1026 1035 adherence adherence NN 1036 1038 to to TO 1039 1046 plastic plastic NN 1046 1047 . . . 1048 1052 IL-4 il-4 NN 1053 1056 had have VBD 1057 1059 no no DT 1060 1071 significant significant JJ 1072 1078 effect effect NN 1079 1081 on on IN 1082 1085 HIV HIV NNP 1086 1093 reverse reverse JJ 1094 1107 transcription transcription NN 1107 1108 . . . 1109 1112 The the DT 1113 1119 effect effect NN 1120 1122 of of IN 1123 1127 both both DT 1128 1137 cytokines cytokine NNS 1138 1140 on on IN 1141 1144 the the DT 1145 1153 monocyte monocyte NN 1154 1180 maturation/differentiation maturation/differentiation NN 1181 1182 ( ( ( 1182 1187 CD11b CD11b NNP 1187 1188 , , , 1189 1193 CD13 CD13 NNP 1193 1194 , , , 1195 1198 and and CC 1199 1203 CD26 CD26 NNP 1203 1204 ) ) ) 1205 1208 and and CC 1209 1214 other other JJ 1215 1225 macrophage macrophage NN 1226 1233 markers marker NNS 1234 1235 ( ( ( 1235 1239 CD14 cd14 NN 1240 1243 and and CC 1244 1248 CD68 cd68 NN 1248 1249 ) ) ) 1250 1253 was be VBD 1254 1262 examined examine VBN 1262 1263 . . . 1264 1268 IL-4 il-4 NN 1269 1277 enhanced enhance VBD 1278 1283 CD11b CD11b NNP 1283 1284 , , , 1285 1288 but but CC 1289 1298 inhibited inhibit VBD 1299 1303 CD26 cd26 NN 1304 1314 expression expression NN 1315 1318 and and CC 1319 1326 delayed delay VBN 1327 1331 CD13 cd13 NN 1332 1336 loss loss NN 1336 1337 . . . 1338 1343 IL-13 il-13 NN 1344 1347 had have VBD 1348 1355 similar similar JJ 1356 1363 effects effect NNS 1364 1366 on on IN 1367 1372 CD11b CD11b NNP 1373 1376 and and CC 1377 1381 CD13 CD13 NNP 1381 1382 , , , 1383 1386 but but CC 1387 1389 no no DT 1390 1396 effect effect NN 1397 1399 on on IN 1400 1404 CD26 CD26 NNP 1404 1405 . . . 1406 1411 Hence hence RB 1411 1412 , , , 1413 1418 these these DT 1419 1428 cytokines cytokine NNS 1429 1431 do do VBP 1432 1435 not not RB 1436 1442 simply simply RB 1443 1450 enhance enhance VB 1451 1459 monocyte monocyte NN 1460 1475 differentiation differentiation NN 1475 1476 , , , 1477 1480 but but CC 1481 1485 have have VBP 1486 1493 complex complex JJ 1494 1497 and and CC 1498 1506 slightly slightly RB 1507 1516 divergent divergent JJ 1517 1524 effects effect NNS 1525 1529 that that WDT 1530 1536 impact impact VBP 1537 1539 on on IN 1540 1543 HIV HIV NNP 1544 1555 replication replication NN 1556 1564 probably probably RB 1565 1572 through through IN 1573 1577 cell cell NN 1578 1587 signaling signaling NN 1588 1596 pathways pathway NNS 1597 1600 and and CC 1601 1608 nuclear nuclear JJ 1609 1622 factor-kappaB factor-kappab NN 1623 1636 translocation translocation NN 1636 1637 . . .