0 10 Inhibition Inhibition NNP 11 13 of of IN 14 19 human human JJ 20 36 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 37 42 virus virus NN 43 47 type type NN 48 49 1 1 CD 50 61 replication replication NN 62 64 in in FW 65 70 vitro vitro FW 71 73 by by IN 74 75 a a DT 76 81 novel novel JJ 82 93 combination combination NN 94 96 of of IN 97 105 anti-Tat anti-tat JJ 106 118 single-chain single-chain JJ 119 130 intrabodies intrabody NNS 131 134 and and CC 135 143 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 144 145 B B NNP 146 157 antagonists antagonist NNS 157 158 . . . 160 165 Human human JJ 166 182 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 183 188 virus virus NN 189 193 type type NN 194 195 1 1 CD 196 197 ( ( ( 197 202 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 202 203 ) ) ) 204 207 Tat Tat NNP 207 208 , , , 209 211 an an DT 212 217 early early JJ 218 228 regulatory regulatory JJ 229 236 protein protein NN 237 241 that that WDT 242 244 is be VBZ 245 253 critical critical JJ 254 257 for for IN 258 263 viral viral JJ 264 268 gene gene NN 269 279 expression expression NN 280 283 and and CC 284 295 replication replication NN 295 296 , , , 297 311 transactivates transactivate VBZ 312 315 the the DT 316 321 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 322 326 long long JJ 327 335 terminal terminal JJ 336 342 repeat repeat NN 343 344 ( ( ( 344 347 LTR LTR NNP 347 348 ) ) ) 349 352 via via IN 353 356 its its PRP$ 357 364 binding binding NN 365 367 to to TO 368 371 the the DT 372 387 transactivation transactivation NN 388 396 response response NN 397 404 element element NN 405 406 ( ( ( 406 409 TAR TAR NNP 409 410 ) ) ) 411 414 and and CC 414 415 , , , 416 421 along along IN 422 426 with with IN 427 432 other other JJ 433 441 cellular cellular JJ 442 449 factors factor NNS 449 450 , , , 451 460 increases increase VBZ 461 466 viral viral JJ 467 480 transcription transcription NN 481 491 initiation initiation NN 492 495 and and CC 496 506 elongation elongation NN 506 507 . . . 508 511 Tat Tat NNP 512 516 also also RB 517 531 superactivates superactivate VBZ 532 535 the the DT 536 541 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 542 550 promoter promoter NN 551 558 through through IN 559 560 a a DT 561 576 TAR-independent tar-independent JJ 577 586 mechanism mechanism NN 586 587 , , , 588 597 including include VBG 598 603 tumor tumor NN 604 612 necrosis necrosis NN 613 619 factor factor NN 620 633 alpha-induced alpha-induced JJ 634 637 and and CC 638 645 protein protein NN 646 652 kinase kinase NNP 653 654 C C NNP 655 656 ( ( ( 656 670 PKC)-dependent pkc)-dependent JJ 671 681 activation activation NN 682 684 of of IN 685 693 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 694 695 B B NNP 695 696 , , , 697 700 and and CC 701 711 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 712 714 of of IN 715 718 Tat Tat NNP 719 722 and and CC 723 731 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 732 733 B B NNP 734 747 cooperatively cooperatively RB 748 761 down-regulate down-regulate VBP 762 766 this this DT 767 779 Tat-mediated tat-mediated JJ 780 783 LTR LTR NNP 784 799 superactivation superactivation NN 799 800 . . . 801 803 In in IN 804 808 this this DT 809 814 study study NN 814 815 , , , 816 817 a a DT 818 826 combined combined JJ 827 840 pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ 841 844 and and CC 845 852 genetic genetic JJ 853 861 strategy strategy NN 862 867 using use VBG 868 871 two two CD 872 875 PKC PKC NNP 876 877 ( ( ( 877 885 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 886 887 B B NNP 887 888 ) ) ) 889 899 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 899 900 , , , 901 915 pentoxifylline pentoxifylline NN 916 917 ( ( ( 917 920 PTX PTX NNP 920 921 ) ) ) 922 925 and and CC 926 933 Go-6976 Go-6976 NNP 933 934 , , , 935 938 and and CC 939 940 a a DT 941 947 stably stably RB 948 957 expressed express VBN 958 966 anti-Tat anti-tat JJ 967 979 single-chain single-chain JJ 980 993 intracellular intracellular JJ 994 1002 antibody antibody NN 1003 1004 ( ( ( 1004 1007 sFv sfv NN 1008 1017 intrabody intrabody NN 1017 1018 ) ) ) 1019 1022 was be VBD 1023 1031 employed employ VBN 1032 1034 to to TO 1035 1041 obtain obtain VB 1042 1053 cooperative cooperative JJ 1054 1064 inhibition inhibition NN 1065 1067 of of IN 1068 1072 both both CC 1073 1078 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1079 1089 LTR-driven ltr-driven JJ 1090 1094 gene gene NN 1095 1105 expression expression NN 1106 1109 and and CC 1110 1115 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1116 1127 replication replication NN 1127 1128 . . . 1129 1138 Treatment Treatment NNP 1139 1141 of of IN 1142 1147 cells cell NNS 1148 1152 with with IN 1153 1156 PTX PTX NNP 1157 1160 and and CC 1161 1168 Go-6976 Go-6976 NNP 1169 1177 resulted result VBD 1178 1180 in in IN 1181 1192 cooperative cooperative JJ 1193 1203 inhibition inhibition NN 1204 1206 of of IN 1207 1211 both both CC 1212 1217 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1218 1228 LTR-driven ltr-driven JJ 1229 1233 gene gene NN 1234 1244 expression expression NN 1245 1248 and and CC 1249 1254 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1255 1266 replication replication NN 1266 1267 . . . 1268 1270 In in IN 1271 1279 addition addition NN 1279 1280 , , , 1281 1284 the the DT 1285 1293 combined combined JJ 1294 1297 use use NN 1298 1300 of of IN 1301 1309 anti-Tat anti-tat JJ 1310 1313 sFv sfv NN 1314 1325 intrabodies intrabody NNS 1326 1329 and and CC 1330 1333 the the DT 1334 1337 two two CD 1338 1346 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1347 1348 B B NNP 1349 1359 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 1360 1368 retained retain VBD 1369 1372 the the DT 1373 1378 virus virus NN 1379 1381 in in IN 1382 1385 the the DT 1386 1392 latent latent JJ 1393 1398 state state NN 1399 1402 for for IN 1403 1405 as as RB 1406 1410 long long JJ 1411 1413 as as IN 1414 1416 45 45 CD 1417 1421 days day NNS 1421 1422 . . . 1423 1426 The the DT 1427 1435 combined combined JJ 1436 1445 treatment treatment NN 1446 1454 resulted result VBD 1455 1457 in in IN 1458 1462 more more RBR 1463 1470 durable durable JJ 1471 1481 inhibition inhibition NN 1482 1484 of of IN 1485 1490 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1491 1502 replication replication NN 1503 1507 than than IN 1508 1511 was be VBD 1512 1516 seen see VBN 1517 1521 with with IN 1522 1525 the the DT 1526 1534 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1535 1536 B B NNP 1537 1547 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 1548 1553 alone alone RB 1554 1556 or or CC 1557 1560 the the DT 1561 1569 anti-Tat anti-tat JJ 1570 1573 sFv sfv NN 1574 1585 intrabodies intrabody NNS 1586 1591 alone alone RB 1591 1592 . . . 1593 1601 Together together RB 1601 1602 , , , 1603 1608 these these DT 1609 1616 results result NNS 1617 1624 suggest suggest VBP 1625 1629 that that IN 1630 1632 in in IN 1633 1639 future future JJ 1640 1648 clinical clinical JJ 1649 1653 gene gene NN 1654 1661 therapy therapy NN 1662 1668 trials trial NNS 1668 1669 , , , 1670 1671 a a DT 1672 1680 combined combined JJ 1681 1694 pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ 1695 1698 and and CC 1699 1706 genetic genetic JJ 1707 1715 strategy strategy NN 1716 1720 like like IN 1721 1724 the the DT 1725 1728 one one CD 1729 1737 reported report VBN 1738 1742 here here RB 1743 1746 may may MD 1747 1754 improve improve VB 1755 1758 the the DT 1759 1767 survival survival NN 1768 1770 of of IN 1771 1781 transduced transduce VBN 1782 1787 cells cell NNS 1788 1791 and and CC 1792 1799 prolong prolong VB 1800 1808 clinical clinical JJ 1809 1816 benefit benefit NN 1816 1817 . . .