0 8 Distinct distinct JJ 9 19 mechanisms mechanism NNS 20 23 for for IN 24 40 N-acetylcysteine N-acetylcysteine NNP 41 51 inhibition inhibition NN 52 54 of of IN 55 71 cytokine-induced cytokine-induced JJ 72 82 E-selectin E-selectin NNP 83 86 and and CC 87 93 VCAM-1 vcam-1 NN 94 104 expression expression NN 104 105 . . . 107 109 We we PRP 110 114 have have VBP 115 123 examined examine VBN 124 127 the the DT 128 135 effects effect NNS 136 138 of of IN 139 158 N-acetyl-L-cysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine NNP 159 160 ( ( ( 160 163 NAC NAC NNP 163 164 ) ) ) 164 165 , , , 166 167 a a DT 168 186 well-characterized well-characterized JJ 186 187 , , , 188 204 thiol-containing thiol-containing JJ 205 216 antioxidant antioxidant NN 216 217 , , , 218 220 on on IN 221 236 agonist-induced agonist-induced JJ 237 246 monocytic monocytic JJ 247 251 cell cell NN 252 260 adhesion adhesion NN 261 263 to to TO 264 275 endothelial endothelial JJ 276 281 cells cell NNS 282 283 ( ( ( 283 287 EC). EC). NNP 288 291 NAC NAC NNP 292 301 inhibited inhibit VBD 302 315 interleukin-1 interleukin-1 NN 316 317 ( ( ( 317 321 IL-1 il-1 NN 322 335 beta)-induced beta)-induced JJ 335 336 , , , 337 340 but but CC 341 344 not not RB 345 350 basal basal JJ 350 351 , , , 352 360 adhesion adhesion NN 361 365 with with IN 366 368 50 50 CD 368 369 % % NN 370 380 inhibition inhibition NN 381 383 at at IN 384 397 approximately approximately RB 398 400 20 20 CD 401 403 mM mm NN 403 404 . . . 405 414 Monocytic monocytic JJ 415 419 cell cell NN 420 428 adhesion adhesion NN 429 431 to to TO 432 434 EC EC NNP 435 437 in in IN 438 446 response response NN 447 449 to to TO 450 455 tumor tumor NN 456 464 necrosis necrosis NN 465 477 factor-alpha factor-alpha NN 478 479 ( ( ( 479 488 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 488 489 ) ) ) 489 490 , , , 491 509 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide NN 510 511 ( ( ( 511 514 LPS LPS NNP 514 515 ) ) ) 515 516 , , , 517 531 alpha-thrombin alpha-thrombin NN 531 532 , , , 533 535 or or CC 536 543 phorbol phorbol NN 544 556 12-myristate 12-myristate NN 557 567 13-acetate 13-acetate NN 568 569 ( ( ( 569 572 PMA PMA NNP 572 573 ) ) ) 574 577 was be VBD 578 587 similarly similarly RB 588 597 inhibited inhibit VBN 598 600 by by IN 601 604 NAC NAC NNP 604 605 . . . 606 612 Unlike unlike IN 613 622 published publish VBN 623 630 studies study NNS 631 635 with with IN 636 662 pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate NN 662 663 , , , 664 669 which which WDT 670 682 specifically specifically RB 683 692 inhibited inhibit VBD 693 701 vascular vascular JJ 702 706 cell cell NN 707 715 adhesion adhesion NN 716 724 molecule molecule NN 725 726 1 1 CD 727 728 ( ( ( 728 734 VCAM-1 vcam-1 NN 734 735 ) ) ) 735 736 , , , 737 740 NAC NAC NNP 741 750 inhibited inhibit VBD 751 755 IL-1 il-1 NN 756 768 beta-induced beta-induced JJ 769 773 mRNA mrna NN 774 777 and and CC 778 782 cell cell NN 783 790 surface surface NN 791 801 expression expression NN 802 804 of of IN 805 809 both both CC 810 820 E-selectin E-selectin NNP 821 824 and and CC 825 831 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP 831 832 . . . 833 836 NAC NAC NNP 837 840 had have VBD 841 843 no no DT 844 850 effect effect NN 851 853 on on IN 854 857 the the DT 858 867 half-life half-life NN 868 870 of of IN 871 881 E-selectin E-selectin NNP 882 884 or or CC 885 891 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP 892 896 mRNA mRNA NNP 896 897 . . . 898 906 Although although IN 907 910 NAC NAC NNP 911 918 reduced reduce VBD 919 926 nuclear nuclear JJ 927 939 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 940 941 B B NNP 942 943 ( ( ( 943 951 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 952 953 B B NNP 953 954 ) ) ) 955 965 activation activation NN 966 968 in in IN 969 971 EC EC NNP 972 974 as as IN 975 983 measured measure VBN 984 986 by by IN 987 996 gel-shift gel-shift JJ 997 1003 assays assay NNS 1004 1009 using use VBG 1010 1012 an an DT 1013 1028 oligonucleotide oligonucleotide NN 1029 1034 probe probe NN 1035 1048 corresponding correspond VBG 1049 1051 to to TO 1052 1055 the the DT 1056 1065 consensus consensus NN 1066 1074 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1075 1076 B B NNP 1077 1084 binding binding NN 1085 1090 sites site NNS 1091 1093 of of IN 1094 1097 the the DT 1098 1104 VCAM-1 vcam-1 NN 1105 1109 gene gene NN 1110 1111 ( ( ( 1111 1124 VCAM-NF-kappa VCAM-NF-kappa NNP 1125 1126 B B NNP 1126 1127 ) ) ) 1127 1128 , , , 1129 1132 the the DT 1133 1144 antioxidant antioxidant NN 1145 1148 had have VBD 1149 1151 no no DT 1152 1163 appreciable appreciable JJ 1164 1170 effect effect NN 1171 1175 when when WRB 1176 1178 an an DT 1179 1187 oligomer oligomer NN 1188 1201 corresponding correspond VBG 1202 1204 to to TO 1205 1208 the the DT 1209 1218 consensus consensus NN 1219 1227 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1228 1229 B B NNP 1230 1237 binding binding NN 1238 1242 site site NN 1243 1245 of of IN 1246 1249 the the DT 1250 1260 E-selectin E-selectin NNP 1261 1265 gene gene NN 1266 1267 ( ( ( 1267 1286 E-selectin-NF-kappa E-selectin-NF-kappa NNP 1287 1288 B B NNP 1288 1289 ) ) ) 1290 1293 was be VBD 1294 1298 used use VBN 1298 1299 . . . 1300 1307 Because because IN 1308 1316 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1317 1318 B B NNP 1319 1322 has have VBZ 1323 1327 been be VBN 1328 1336 reported report VBN 1337 1339 to to TO 1340 1342 be be VB 1343 1348 redox redox NN 1349 1358 sensitive sensitive JJ 1358 1359 , , , 1360 1362 we we PRP 1363 1370 studied study VBD 1371 1374 the the DT 1375 1382 effects effect NNS 1383 1385 of of IN 1386 1389 NAC NAC NNP 1390 1392 on on IN 1393 1396 the the DT 1397 1399 EC EC NNP 1400 1405 redox redox NN 1406 1417 environment environment NN 1417 1418 . . . 1419 1422 NAC NAC NNP 1423 1429 caused cause VBD 1430 1432 an an DT 1433 1441 expected expect VBN 1442 1450 dramatic dramatic JJ 1451 1459 increase increase NN 1460 1462 in in IN 1463 1466 the the DT 1467 1474 reduced reduce VBN 1475 1486 glutathione glutathione NN 1487 1488 ( ( ( 1488 1491 GSH GSH NNP 1491 1492 ) ) ) 1493 1499 levels level NNS 1500 1502 in in IN 1503 1505 EC EC NNP 1505 1506 . . . 1507 1509 In in FW 1510 1515 vitro vitro FW 1516 1523 studies study NNS 1524 1536 demonstrated demonstrate VBD 1537 1541 that that IN 1542 1549 whereas whereas IN 1550 1553 the the DT 1554 1561 binding binding NN 1562 1570 affinity affinity NN 1571 1573 of of IN 1574 1582 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1583 1584 B B NNP 1585 1587 to to TO 1588 1591 the the DT 1592 1605 VCAM-NF-kappa VCAM-NF-kappa NNP 1606 1607 B B NNP 1608 1616 oligomer oligomer NN 1617 1623 peaked peak VBD 1624 1626 at at IN 1627 1628 a a DT 1629 1644 GSH-to-oxidized gsh-to-oxidized JJ 1645 1656 glutathione glutathione NN 1657 1658 ( ( ( 1658 1662 GSSG GSSG NNP 1662 1663 ) ) ) 1664 1669 ratio ratio NN 1670 1672 of of IN 1673 1686 approximately approximately RB 1687 1690 200 200 CD 1691 1694 and and CC 1695 1704 decreased decrease VBD 1705 1707 at at IN 1708 1714 higher high JJR 1715 1721 ratios ratio NNS 1721 1722 , , , 1723 1726 the the DT 1727 1734 binding binding NN 1735 1737 to to TO 1738 1741 the the DT 1742 1761 E-selectin-NF-kappa E-selectin-NF-kappa NNP 1762 1763 B B NNP 1764 1772 oligomer oligomer NN 1773 1781 appeared appear VBD 1782 1792 relatively relatively RB 1793 1803 unaffected unaffected JJ 1804 1808 even even RB 1809 1811 at at IN 1812 1818 ratios ratio NNS 1819 1820 > > SYM 1821 1824 400 400 CD 1824 1825 , , , 1826 1830 i.e. i.e. FW 1830 1831 , , , 1832 1837 those those DT 1838 1846 achieved achieve VBN 1847 1849 in in IN 1850 1852 EC EC NNP 1853 1860 treated treat VBN 1861 1865 with with IN 1866 1868 40 40 CD 1869 1871 mM mM NNP 1872 1875 NAC NAC NNP 1875 1876 . . . 1877 1882 These these DT 1883 1890 results result NNS 1891 1898 suggest suggest VBP 1899 1903 that that IN 1904 1912 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1913 1914 B B NNP 1915 1922 binding bind VBG 1923 1925 to to TO 1926 1929 its its PRP$ 1930 1939 consensus consensus NN 1940 1949 sequences sequence NNS 1950 1952 in in IN 1953 1956 the the DT 1957 1963 VCAM-1 VCAM-1 NNP 1964 1967 and and CC 1968 1978 E-selectin E-selectin NNP 1979 1983 gene gene NN 1984 1992 exhibits exhibit VBZ 1993 1999 marked marked JJ 2000 2011 differences difference NNS 2012 2014 in in IN 2015 2020 redox redox NN 2021 2032 sensitivity sensitivity NN 2032 2033 , , , 2034 2042 allowing allow VBG 2043 2046 for for IN 2047 2059 differential differential JJ 2060 2064 gene gene NN 2065 2075 expression expression NN 2076 2085 regulated regulate VBN 2086 2088 by by IN 2089 2092 the the DT 2093 2097 same same JJ 2098 2111 transcription transcription NN 2112 2118 factor factor NN 2118 2119 . . . 2120 2123 Our our PRP$ 2124 2128 data datum NNS 2129 2133 also also RB 2134 2145 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 2146 2150 that that IN 2151 2154 NAC NAC NNP 2155 2164 increases increase VBZ 2165 2168 the the DT 2169 2180 GSH-to-GSSG GSH-to-GSSG NNP 2181 2186 ratio ratio NN 2187 2193 within within IN 2194 2197 the the DT 2198 2200 EC EC NNP 2201 2211 suggesting suggest VBG 2212 2215 one one CD 2216 2224 possible possible JJ 2225 2234 mechanism mechanism NN 2235 2242 through through IN 2243 2248 which which WDT 2249 2253 this this DT 2254 2265 antioxidant antioxidant NN 2266 2274 inhibits inhibit VBZ 2275 2290 agonist-induced agonist-induced JJ 2291 2299 monocyte monocyte NN 2300 2308 adhesion adhesion NN 2309 2311 to to TO 2312 2314 EC EC NNP 2314 2315 . . .