0 5 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 6 9 Vpr Vpr NNP 10 20 suppresses suppress VBZ 21 27 immune immune JJ 28 38 activation activation NN 39 42 and and CC 43 52 apoptosis apoptosis NN 53 60 through through IN 61 71 regulation regulation NN 72 74 of of IN 75 82 nuclear nuclear JJ 83 89 factor factor NN 90 95 kappa kappa NN 96 97 B B NNP 98 99 [ [ ( 99 102 see see VB 103 111 comments comment NNS 111 112 ] ] ) 114 117 The the DT 118 123 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 124 133 accessory accessory JJ 134 138 gene gene NN 139 146 product product NN 147 150 Vpr Vpr NNP 151 154 can can MD 155 164 influence influence VB 165 170 viral viral JJ 171 183 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 184 186 by by IN 187 196 affecting affect VBG 197 202 viral viral JJ 203 214 replication replication NN 215 217 as as RB 218 222 well well RB 223 225 as as IN 226 230 host host NN 231 235 cell cell NN 236 249 transcription transcription NN 250 253 and and CC 254 267 proliferation proliferation NN 267 268 . . . 269 271 We we PRP 272 276 have have VBP 277 289 investigated investigate VBN 290 293 the the DT 294 301 effects effect NNS 302 304 of of IN 305 308 Vpr Vpr NNP 309 311 on on IN 312 316 host host NN 317 321 cell cell NN 322 332 activation activation NN 333 336 and and CC 337 344 confirm confirm VBP 345 349 that that IN 350 352 it it PRP 353 363 influences influence VBZ 364 372 cellular cellular JJ 373 386 proliferation proliferation NN 386 387 . . . 388 395 However however RB 395 396 , , , 397 399 we we PRP 400 404 have have VBP 405 409 also also RB 410 415 found find VBN 416 420 that that IN 421 424 Vpr Vpr NNP 425 434 modulates modulate VBZ 435 441 T-cell t-cell NN 442 450 receptor receptor NN 451 452 ( ( ( 452 466 TCR)-triggered tcr)-triggered JJ 467 476 apoptosis apoptosis NN 477 479 in in IN 480 481 a a DT 482 488 manner manner NN 489 496 similar similar JJ 497 499 to to TO 500 504 that that DT 505 507 of of IN 508 523 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS 523 524 . . . 525 527 In in IN 528 531 the the DT 532 539 absence absence NN 540 542 of of IN 543 555 TCR-mediated tcr-mediated JJ 556 566 activation activation NN 566 567 , , , 568 571 Vpr Vpr NNP 572 579 induces induce VBZ 580 589 apoptosis apoptosis NN 590 597 whereas whereas IN 598 600 in in IN 601 604 its its PRP$ 605 613 presence presence NN 613 614 , , , 615 618 Vpr Vpr NNP 619 629 interrupts interrupt VBZ 630 633 the the DT 634 642 expected expect VBN 643 652 induction induction NN 653 655 of of IN 656 665 apoptosis apoptosis NN 665 666 . . . 667 671 This this DT 672 682 regulation regulation NN 683 685 of of IN 686 695 apoptosis apoptosis NN 696 698 is be VBZ 699 705 linked link VBN 706 708 to to TO 709 712 Vpr vpr NN 713 724 suppression suppression NN 725 727 of of IN 728 736 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 737 738 B B NNP 739 747 activity activity NN 748 751 via via IN 752 755 the the DT 756 765 induction induction NN 766 768 of of IN 769 770 I i NN 771 776 kappa kappa NN 777 778 B B NNP 778 779 , , , 780 782 an an DT 783 792 inhibitor inhibitor NN 793 795 of of IN 796 804 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 805 807 B. B. NNP 808 815 Further Further NNP 815 816 , , , 817 820 Vpr Vpr NNP 821 831 suppresses suppress VBZ 832 842 expression expression NN 843 845 of of IN 846 850 IL-2 il-2 NN 850 851 , , , 852 857 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 857 858 , , , 859 864 IL-12 il-12 NN 864 865 , , , 866 869 TNF TNF NNP 870 875 alpha alpha NN 876 879 and and CC 880 884 IL-4 il-4 NN 884 885 , , , 886 889 all all DT 890 892 of of IN 893 898 which which WDT 899 902 are be VBP 903 911 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 912 923 B-dependent b-dependent JJ 923 924 . . . 925 928 The the DT 929 936 effects effect NNS 937 939 of of IN 940 943 Vpr Vpr NNP 944 949 could could MD 950 952 be be VB 953 961 reversed reverse VBN 962 964 by by IN 965 970 RU486 ru486 NN 970 971 . . . 972 975 Our our PRP$ 976 983 finding finding NN 984 988 that that IN 989 992 Vpr Vpr NNP 993 996 can can MD 997 1005 regulate regulate VB 1006 1014 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1015 1016 B B NNP 1017 1025 supports support VBZ 1026 1029 the the DT 1030 1040 hypothesis hypothesis NN 1041 1045 that that IN 1046 1050 some some DT 1051 1058 aspects aspect NNS 1059 1061 of of IN 1062 1067 viral viral JJ 1068 1080 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN 1081 1084 are be VBP 1085 1088 the the DT 1089 1100 consequence consequence NN 1101 1103 of of IN 1104 1108 cell cell NN 1109 1122 dysregulation dysregulation NN 1123 1125 by by IN 1126 1129 Vpr Vpr NNP 1129 1130 . . .