0 11 Replication Replication NNP 12 14 of of IN 15 20 human human JJ 21 37 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 38 45 virus-1 virus-1 NN 46 48 in in IN 49 56 primary primary JJ 57 62 human human JJ 63 64 T t NN 65 70 cells cell NNS 71 73 is be VBZ 74 83 dependent dependent JJ 84 86 on on IN 87 90 the the DT 91 100 autocrine autocrine JJ 101 110 secretion secretion NN 111 113 of of IN 114 119 tumor tumor NN 120 128 necrosis necrosis NN 129 135 factor factor NN 136 143 through through IN 144 147 the the DT 148 155 control control NN 156 158 of of IN 159 166 nuclear nuclear JJ 167 179 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 180 181 B B NNP 182 192 activation activation NN 192 193 . . . 195 200 Tumor tumor NN 201 209 necrosis necrosis NN 210 216 factor factor NN 217 218 ( ( ( 218 228 TNF)-alpha TNF)-alpha NNP 229 237 controls control VBZ 238 244 T-cell t-cell NN 245 255 activation activation NN 256 259 and and CC 260 262 is be VBZ 263 264 a a DT 265 270 major major JJ 271 278 inducer inducer NN 279 281 of of IN 282 287 human human JJ 288 304 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 305 310 virus virus NN 311 312 ( ( ( 312 318 HIV)-1 hiv)-1 NN 319 330 replication replication NN 331 333 in in IN 334 345 chronically chronically RB 346 354 infected infected JJ 355 360 cells cell NNS 360 361 . . . 362 371 Therefore therefore RB 371 372 , , , 373 375 we we PRP 376 380 have have VBP 381 393 investigated investigate VBN 394 397 its its PRP$ 398 402 role role NN 403 405 in in IN 406 413 primary primary JJ 414 422 cultures culture NNS 423 425 of of IN 426 438 HIV-infected hiv-infected JJ 439 444 human human JJ 445 446 T t NN 447 458 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 459 461 by by IN 462 467 using use VBG 468 480 neutralizing neutralize VBG 481 495 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha JJ 496 506 antibodies antibody NNS 507 509 or or CC 510 519 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 519 520 . . . 521 528 Primary primary JJ 529 536 resting rest VBG 537 538 T t NN 539 550 lymphocytes lymphocyte NNS 551 559 produced produce VBD 560 569 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 570 573 and and CC 574 583 supported support VBD 584 587 HIV HIV NNP 588 599 replication replication NN 600 605 after after IN 606 612 T-cell t-cell NN 613 621 receptor receptor NN 622 632 activation activation NN 632 633 . . . 634 642 Addition addition NN 643 645 of of IN 646 658 neutralizing neutralize VBG 659 673 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha JJ 674 684 antibodies antibody NNS 685 696 drastically drastically RB 697 704 reduced reduce VBD 705 708 p24 p24 NN 709 716 antigen antigen NN 717 724 release release NN 725 728 and and CC 729 738 prevented prevent VBD 739 743 CD4+ cd4+ JJ 744 748 cell cell NN 749 758 depletion depletion NN 759 769 associated associate VBN 770 774 with with IN 775 784 infection infection NN 784 785 . . . 786 800 Anti-TNF-alpha Anti-TNF-alpha NNP 801 805 also also RB 806 815 prevented prevent VBD 816 823 nuclear nuclear JJ 824 836 factor-kappa factor-kappa NN 837 838 B B NNP 839 840 ( ( ( 840 848 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 849 850 B B NNP 850 851 ) ) ) 852 862 activation activation NN 862 863 , , , 864 867 and and CC 868 869 a a DT 870 874 good good JJ 875 886 correlation correlation NN 887 894 between between IN 895 899 this this DT 900 910 inhibition inhibition NN 911 914 and and CC 915 925 inhibition inhibition NN 926 928 of of IN 929 932 HIV HIV NNP 933 944 replication replication NN 945 948 was be VBD 949 957 observed observe VBN 957 958 . . . 959 967 Moreover moreover RB 967 968 , , , 969 982 supplementing supplement VBG 983 986 the the DT 987 995 cultures culture NNS 996 1000 with with IN 1001 1005 high high JJ 1006 1011 doses dose NNS 1012 1014 of of IN 1015 1019 IL-2 il-2 NN 1020 1028 reverted revert VBD 1029 1043 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha JJ 1044 1054 inhibition inhibition NN 1055 1057 of of IN 1058 1062 cell cell NN 1063 1076 proliferation proliferation NN 1077 1080 but but CC 1081 1084 did do VBD 1085 1088 not not RB 1089 1095 affect affect VB 1096 1099 the the DT 1100 1110 inhibition inhibition NN 1111 1113 of of IN 1114 1117 HIV HIV NNP 1118 1121 p24 p24 NN 1122 1129 antigen antigen NN 1130 1137 release release NN 1138 1140 or or CC 1141 1149 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1150 1151 B B NNP 1152 1162 activation activation NN 1163 1165 in in IN 1166 1169 the the DT 1170 1174 same same JJ 1175 1183 cultures culture NNS 1183 1184 . . . 1185 1193 Moreover moreover RB 1193 1194 , , , 1195 1209 anti-TNF-alpha anti-tnf-alpha NN 1210 1219 inhibited inhibit VBD 1220 1225 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1226 1230 long long JJ 1231 1239 terminal terminal JJ 1240 1246 repeat repeat NN 1247 1248 ( ( ( 1248 1259 LTR)-driven ltr)-driven JJ 1260 1273 transcription transcription NN 1274 1276 of of IN 1277 1278 a a DT 1279 1287 reporter reporter NN 1288 1292 gene gene NN 1293 1295 in in IN 1296 1303 primary primary JJ 1304 1305 T t NN 1306 1311 cells cell NNS 1312 1314 in in IN 1315 1323 response response NN 1324 1326 to to TO 1327 1337 activation activation NN 1337 1338 , , , 1339 1345 either either CC 1346 1348 in in IN 1349 1352 the the DT 1353 1361 presence presence NN 1362 1364 or or CC 1365 1368 the the DT 1369 1376 absence absence NN 1377 1379 of of IN 1380 1385 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1386 1389 Tat Tat NNP 1389 1390 . . . 1391 1394 Our our PRP$ 1395 1402 results result NNS 1403 1410 support support VBP 1411 1413 an an DT 1414 1423 important important JJ 1424 1428 role role NN 1429 1432 for for IN 1433 1442 autocrine autocrine JJ 1443 1452 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1453 1462 secretion secretion NN 1463 1465 in in IN 1466 1477 controlling control VBG 1478 1481 HIV HIV NNP 1482 1493 replication replication NN 1494 1496 in in IN 1497 1504 primary primary JJ 1505 1506 T t NN 1507 1512 cells cell NNS 1513 1520 because because IN 1521 1523 of of IN 1524 1527 its its PRP$ 1528 1535 ability ability NN 1536 1538 to to TO 1539 1547 maintain maintain VB 1548 1556 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1557 1558 B B NNP 1559 1567 elevated elevate VBN 1568 1570 in in IN 1571 1574 the the DT 1575 1582 nucleus nucleus NN 1583 1585 of of IN 1586 1587 T t NN 1588 1593 cells cell NNS 1593 1594 . . .