0 12 Lactobacilli Lactobacilli NNP 13 16 and and CC 17 24 vaginal vaginal JJ 25 29 host host NN 30 37 defense defense NN 37 38 : : : 39 49 activation activation NN 50 52 of of IN 53 56 the the DT 57 62 human human JJ 63 79 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 80 85 virus virus NN 86 90 type type NN 91 92 1 1 CD 93 97 long long JJ 98 106 terminal terminal JJ 107 113 repeat repeat NN 113 114 , , , 115 123 cytokine cytokine NN 124 134 production production NN 134 135 , , , 136 139 and and CC 140 149 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 149 150 . . . 152 164 Lactobacilli Lactobacilli NNP 164 165 , , , 166 167 a a DT 168 177 component component NN 178 180 of of IN 181 184 the the DT 185 191 normal normal JJ 192 199 vaginal vaginal JJ 200 205 flora flora NN 205 206 , , , 207 210 can can MD 211 219 activate activate VB 220 223 the the DT 224 229 human human JJ 230 246 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 247 252 virus virus NN 253 254 ( ( ( 254 260 HIV)-1 hiv)-1 NN 261 265 long long JJ 266 274 terminal terminal JJ 275 281 repeat repeat NN 282 283 ( ( ( 283 286 LTR LTR NNP 286 287 ) ) ) 288 290 in in IN 291 294 the the DT 295 301 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 302 303 T t NN 304 314 lymphocyte lymphocyte NN 315 318 and and CC 319 324 THP-1 thp-1 NN 325 335 macrophage macrophage NN 336 340 cell cell NN 341 346 lines line NNS 346 347 . . . 348 358 Activation Activation NNP 359 361 of of IN 362 365 the the DT 366 369 LTR ltr NN 370 372 in in IN 373 379 Jurkat Jurkat NNP 380 385 cells cell NNS 386 389 was be VBD 390 398 strongly strongly RB 399 407 enhanced enhance VBN 408 410 by by IN 411 419 vanadate vanadate NN 420 423 and and CC 424 433 inhibited inhibit VBN 434 436 by by IN 437 445 catalase catalase NN 445 446 , , , 447 458 implicating implicate VBG 459 463 H2O2 h2o2 NN 463 464 . . . 465 467 In in IN 468 476 contrast contrast NN 476 477 , , , 478 488 activation activation NN 489 491 in in IN 492 497 THP-1 thp-1 NN 498 503 cells cell NNS 504 512 occurred occur VBD 513 515 in in IN 516 519 the the DT 520 527 absence absence NN 528 530 of of IN 531 539 vanadate vanadate NN 540 543 and and CC 544 547 was be VBD 548 558 unaffected unaffected JJ 559 561 by by IN 562 570 catalase catalase NN 570 571 . . . 572 575 The the DT 576 582 active active JJ 583 591 material material NN 592 603 partitioned partition VBD 604 608 into into IN 609 612 the the DT 613 619 phenol phenol NN 620 625 layer layer NN 626 628 on on IN 629 632 hot hot JJ 633 640 aqueous aqueous JJ 641 647 phenol phenol NN 648 658 extraction extraction NN 658 659 . . . 660 672 Lactobacilli Lactobacilli NNP 673 677 also also RB 678 687 increased increase VBD 688 693 tumor tumor NN 694 702 necrosis necrosis NN 703 718 factor-alphaand factor-alphaand NN 719 746 interleukin-1betaproduction interleukin-1betaproduction NN 747 750 and and CC 751 760 activated activate VBD 761 770 NF-kappaB nf-kappab NN 771 773 in in IN 774 779 THP-1 thp-1 NN 780 785 cells cell NNS 786 789 and and CC 790 799 increased increase VBN 800 805 tumor tumor NN 806 814 necrosis necrosis NN 815 837 factor-alphaproduction factor-alphaproduction NN 838 840 by by IN 841 846 human human JJ 847 856 monocytes monocyte NNS 856 857 . . . 858 863 Human human JJ 864 871 vaginal vaginal JJ 872 877 fluid fluid NN 878 887 specimens specimen NNS 888 891 had have VBD 892 902 comparable comparable JJ 903 913 properties property NNS 913 914 , , , 915 920 which which WDT 921 931 correlated correlate VBD 932 936 with with IN 937 942 their their PRP$ 943 952 bacterial bacterial JJ 953 960 content content NN 960 961 . . . 962 967 These these DT 968 976 findings finding NNS 977 984 suggest suggest VBP 985 988 the the DT 989 997 presence presence NN 998 1000 in in IN 1001 1008 vaginal vaginal JJ 1009 1014 fluid fluid NN 1015 1017 of of IN 1018 1026 agent(s) agent(s) NN 1027 1034 derived derive VBN 1035 1039 from from IN 1040 1050 indigenous indigenous JJ 1051 1059 bacteria bacteria NNS 1060 1064 that that WDT 1065 1068 can can MD 1069 1077 activate activate VB 1078 1081 the the DT 1082 1087 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1088 1091 LTR LTR NNP 1091 1092 , , , 1093 1101 cytokine cytokine NN 1102 1112 production production NN 1112 1113 , , , 1114 1117 and and CC 1118 1127 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1128 1130 in in IN 1131 1136 cells cell NNS 1137 1139 of of IN 1140 1150 macrophage macrophage NN 1151 1158 lineage lineage NN 1158 1159 , , , 1160 1164 with with IN 1165 1173 possible possible JJ 1174 1183 influence influence NN 1184 1186 on on IN 1187 1194 vaginal vaginal JJ 1195 1205 physiology physiology NN 1206 1209 and and CC 1210 1214 host host NN 1215 1222 defense defense NN 1222 1223 . . .