0 10 High-level high-level JJ 11 22 replication replication NN 23 25 of of IN 26 31 human human JJ 32 48 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 49 54 virus virus NN 55 57 in in IN 58 68 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 69 77 requires require VBZ 78 87 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 88 98 activation activation NN 99 106 through through IN 107 118 interaction interaction NN 119 123 with with IN 124 130 thymic thymic JJ 131 141 epithelial epithelial JJ 142 147 cells cell NNS 147 148 . . . 150 152 We we PRP 153 157 have have VBP 158 168 previously previously RB 169 181 demonstrated demonstrate VBN 182 186 that that IN 187 198 interaction interaction NN 199 201 of of IN 202 210 infected infected JJ 211 221 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 222 226 with with IN 227 237 autologous autologous JJ 238 244 thymic thymic JJ 245 255 epithelial epithelial JJ 256 261 cells cell NNS 262 263 ( ( ( 263 266 TEC TEC NNP 266 267 ) ) ) 268 270 is be VBZ 271 272 a a DT 273 285 prerequisite prerequisite NN 286 289 for for IN 290 291 a a DT 292 296 high high JJ 297 302 level level NN 303 305 of of IN 306 311 human human JJ 312 328 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 329 334 virus virus NN 335 339 type type NN 340 341 1 1 CD 342 343 ( ( ( 343 348 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 348 349 ) ) ) 350 361 replication replication NN 362 364 in in IN 365 375 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 376 377 ( ( ( 377 384 M.Rothe M.Rothe NNP 384 385 , , , 386 393 L.Chene L.Chene NNP 393 394 , , , 395 404 M.Nugeyre M.Nugeyre NNP 404 405 , , , 406 422 F.Barre-Sinoussi F.Barre-Sinoussi NNP 422 423 , , , 424 427 and and CC 428 436 N.Israel N.Israel NNP 436 437 , , , 438 458 J.Virol.72:5852-5861 j.virol.72:5852-5861 CD 458 459 , , , 460 464 1998 1998 CD 464 465 ) ) ) 465 466 . . . 467 469 We we PRP 470 476 report report VBP 477 481 here here RB 482 486 that that IN 487 491 this this DT 492 502 activation activation NN 503 505 of of IN 506 509 HIV HIV NNP 510 521 replication replication NN 522 527 takes take VBZ 528 533 place place NN 534 536 at at IN 537 540 the the DT 541 556 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 557 562 level level NN 563 570 through through IN 571 581 activation activation NN 582 584 of of IN 585 588 the the DT 589 602 Rel/NF-kappaB Rel/NF-kappaB NNP 603 616 transcription transcription NN 617 624 factors factor NNS 624 625 . . . 626 628 We we PRP 629 634 first first RB 635 646 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 647 651 that that IN 652 654 an an DT 655 660 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 661 669 provirus provirus NN 670 671 ( ( ( 671 675 SF-2 sf-2 NN 676 682 strain strain NN 682 683 ) ) ) 684 688 very very RB 689 700 effectively effectively RB 701 711 replicates replicate VBZ 712 714 in in IN 715 725 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 726 736 cocultured coculture VBN 737 741 with with IN 742 745 TEC TEC NNP 746 753 whereas whereas IN 754 758 this this DT 759 767 provirus provirus NN 767 768 , , , 769 773 with with IN 774 780 kappaB kappab NN 781 786 sites site NNS 787 794 deleted delete VBN 794 795 , , , 796 801 fails fail VBZ 802 804 to to TO 805 814 replicate replicate VB 814 815 . . . 816 818 We we PRP 819 826 provide provide VBP 827 835 evidence evidence NN 836 840 that that IN 841 848 several several JJ 849 858 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 859 868 complexes complex NNS 869 872 are be VBP 873 887 constitutively constitutively RB 888 893 found find VBN 894 896 in in IN 897 900 the the DT 901 907 nuclei nucleus NNS 908 910 of of IN 911 921 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 922 928 either either CC 929 936 freshly freshly RB 937 945 isolated isolate VBN 946 950 from from IN 951 954 the the DT 955 961 thymus thymus NN 962 964 or or CC 965 975 maintained maintain VBN 976 978 in in IN 979 988 coculture coculture NN 989 993 with with IN 994 1004 autologous autologous JJ 1005 1007 or or CC 1008 1020 heterologous heterologous JJ 1021 1024 TEC TEC NNP 1024 1025 . . . 1026 1029 The the DT 1030 1039 prevalent prevalent JJ 1040 1047 complex complex NN 1048 1050 is be VBZ 1051 1054 the the DT 1055 1066 heterodimer heterodimer NN 1067 1074 p50-p65 p50-p65 NN 1074 1075 . . . 1076 1085 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1086 1094 activity activity NN 1095 1097 is be VBZ 1098 1105 tightly tightly RB 1106 1116 correlated correlate VBN 1117 1121 with with IN 1122 1125 the the DT 1126 1141 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1142 1150 activity activity NN 1151 1153 of of IN 1154 1155 a a DT 1156 1160 long long JJ 1161 1169 terminal terminal JJ 1170 1176 repeat repeat NN 1177 1178 ( ( ( 1178 1181 LTR LTR NNP 1181 1182 ) ) ) 1183 1185 of of IN 1186 1191 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1192 1203 transfected transfecte VBN 1204 1206 in in IN 1207 1217 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 1217 1218 . . . 1219 1222 The the DT 1223 1237 cotransfection cotransfection NN 1238 1240 of of IN 1241 1245 this this DT 1246 1249 LTR ltr NN 1250 1254 with with IN 1255 1256 a a DT 1257 1264 mutated mutate VBN 1265 1277 IkappaBalpha IkappaBalpha NNP 1278 1286 molecule molecule NN 1287 1295 formally formally RB 1296 1308 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ 1309 1313 that that IN 1314 1317 LTR LTR NNP 1318 1333 transactivation transactivation NN 1334 1336 is be VBZ 1337 1346 regulated regulate VBN 1347 1349 by by IN 1350 1357 members member NNS 1358 1360 of of IN 1361 1364 the the DT 1365 1378 Rel/NF-kappaB Rel/NF-kappaB NNP 1379 1385 family family NN 1386 1388 in in IN 1389 1399 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 1399 1400 . . . 1401 1403 We we PRP 1404 1408 also also RB 1409 1415 showed show VBD 1416 1420 that that IN 1421 1426 tumor tumor NN 1427 1435 necrosis necrosis NN 1436 1442 factor factor NN 1443 1444 ( ( ( 1444 1447 TNF TNF NNP 1447 1448 ) ) ) 1449 1452 and and CC 1453 1455 to to TO 1456 1457 a a DT 1458 1464 lesser less JJR 1465 1471 extent extent NN 1472 1485 interleukin-1 interleukin-1 NN 1486 1487 ( ( ( 1487 1491 IL-1 IL-1 NNP 1491 1492 ) ) ) 1492 1493 , , , 1494 1502 secreted secrete VBN 1503 1509 within within IN 1510 1513 the the DT 1514 1523 coculture coculture NN 1523 1524 , , , 1525 1531 induce induce VBP 1532 1541 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1542 1550 activity activity NN 1551 1554 and and CC 1555 1556 a a DT 1557 1568 correlative correlative JJ 1569 1572 LTR ltr NN 1573 1588 transactivation transactivation NN 1588 1589 . . . 1590 1597 However however RB 1598 1602 IL-7 IL-7 NNP 1602 1603 , , , 1604 1605 a a DT 1606 1613 crucial crucial JJ 1614 1620 factor factor NN 1621 1624 for for IN 1625 1637 thymopoiesis thymopoiesis NN 1638 1642 that that WDT 1643 1645 is be VBZ 1646 1654 secreted secrete VBN 1655 1661 mainly mainly RB 1662 1664 by by IN 1665 1668 TEC TEC NNP 1668 1669 , , , 1670 1672 is be VBZ 1673 1674 a a DT 1675 1684 necessary necessary JJ 1685 1693 cofactor cofactor NN 1694 1697 for for IN 1698 1707 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1708 1718 activation activation NN 1719 1727 elicited elicit VBN 1728 1730 by by IN 1731 1734 TNF TNF NNP 1735 1737 or or CC 1738 1742 IL-1 IL-1 NNP 1742 1743 . . . 1744 1752 Together together RB 1752 1753 , , , 1754 1759 these these DT 1760 1764 data datum NNS 1765 1773 indicate indicate VBP 1774 1778 that that IN 1779 1788 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1789 1799 activation activation NN 1799 1800 , , , 1801 1809 required require VBN 1810 1813 for for IN 1814 1815 a a DT 1816 1820 high high JJ 1821 1826 level level NN 1827 1829 of of IN 1830 1833 HIV HIV NNP 1834 1845 replication replication NN 1846 1848 in in IN 1849 1859 thymocytes thymocyte NNS 1859 1860 , , , 1861 1863 is be VBZ 1864 1873 regulated regulate VBN 1874 1876 in in IN 1877 1878 a a DT 1879 1887 specific specific JJ 1888 1894 manner manner NN 1895 1897 in in IN 1898 1901 the the DT 1902 1908 thymic thymic JJ 1909 1925 microenvironment microenvironment NN 1926 1931 which which WDT 1932 1940 provides provide VBZ 1941 1944 the the DT 1945 1954 necessary necessary JJ 1955 1964 cytokines cytokine NNS 1964 1965 : : : 1966 1969 TNF TNF NNP 1969 1970 , , , 1971 1975 IL-1 IL-1 NNP 1975 1976 , , , 1977 1980 and and CC 1981 1985 IL-7 IL-7 NNP 1985 1986 . . .