4 6 It it PRP 6 8 ’s ' VBZ 9 12 not not RB 13 20 another another DT 21 24 ice ice NN 25 28 age age NN 28 29 , , , 30 33 but but CC 34 36 at at IN 37 42 least least JJS 43 45 it it PRP 45 47 ’s ' VBZ 48 54 cooler cool JJR 63 65 As as IN 66 75 countries country NNS 76 80 gear gear VBP 81 83 up up RP 84 87 for for IN 88 95 battles battle NNS 96 100 over over IN 101 110 ratifying ratify VBG 111 114 the the DT 115 119 1997 1997 CD 120 125 Kyoto Kyoto NNP 127 135 Protocol Protocol NNP 135 136 , , , 137 138 a a DT 139 145 recent recent JJ 146 151 study study NN 152 160 suggests suggest VBZ 161 165 that that IN 166 169 the the DT 170 175 world world NN 176 183 already already RB 184 187 has have VBZ 189 196 stepped step VBN 197 202 along along IN 203 206 the the DT 207 211 path path NN 212 214 to to TO 215 216 a a DT 217 223 future future JJ 224 230 cooler cooler NN 231 235 than than IN 236 238 it it PRP 239 244 might might MD 245 249 have have VB 251 255 been be VBN 255 256 . . . 260 271 Researchers researcher NNS 272 274 at at IN 275 279 NASA NASA NNP 279 281 ’s 's POS 282 289 Goddard Goddard NNP 290 299 Institute Institute NNP 300 303 for for IN 304 309 Space Space NNP 310 317 Studies Studies NNPS 318 319 ( ( ( 319 323 GISS GISS NNP 323 324 ) ) ) 326 328 in in IN 329 332 New New NNP 333 337 York York NNP 338 344 report report NN 345 349 that that IN 350 359 declining decline VBG 360 374 greenhouse-gas greenhouse-gas JJ 375 384 emissions emission NNS 385 390 since since IN 392 395 the the DT 396 400 late late JJ 401 406 1980s 1980 NNS 407 411 have have VBP 412 418 slowed slow VBN 419 422 the the DT 423 429 growth growth NN 430 434 rate rate NN 435 437 of of IN 438 441 the the DT 442 452 atmosphere atmosphere NN 452 454 ’s 's POS 456 463 ability ability NN 464 466 to to TO 467 473 retain retain VB 474 478 heat heat NN 478 479 . . . 483 486 The the DT 487 498 researchers researcher NNS 499 503 link link VBP 504 507 the the DT 508 514 slower slow JJR 515 519 rate rate NN 520 522 to to TO 523 537 implementation implementation NN 538 540 of of IN 541 544 the the DT 546 550 1987 1987 CD 551 559 Montreal Montreal NNP 560 568 Protocol Protocol NNP 568 569 , , , 570 572 in in IN 573 578 which which WDT 579 588 countries country NNS 589 595 agreed agree VBD 596 598 to to TO 599 604 phase phase VB 605 608 out out RP 610 620 production production NN 621 623 of of IN 624 629 gases gas NNS 630 634 that that WDT 635 640 erode erode VBP 641 644 the the DT 645 650 Earth Earth NNP 650 652 ’s 's POS 653 663 protective protective JJ 664 669 ozone ozone NN 671 676 layer layer NN 676 677 . . . 678 683 Known know VBN 684 696 collectively collectively RB 697 699 as as IN 700 719 chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbon NNS 719 720 , , , 721 726 these these DT 727 732 gases gas NNS 734 738 also also RB 739 743 trap trap VBP 744 748 heat heat NN 749 758 thousands thousand NNS 759 761 of of IN 762 767 times time NNS 768 770 as as RB 771 782 effectively effectively RB 783 785 as as IN 786 792 carbon carbon NN 794 801 dioxide dioxide NN 802 803 - - HYPH 804 807 the the DT 808 812 main main JJ 813 818 focus focus NN 819 821 of of IN 822 827 Kyoto Kyoto NNP 827 828 . . . 832 834 If if IN 835 838 the the DT 839 843 rate rate NN 844 846 of of IN 847 855 increase increase NN 856 858 in in IN 859 869 greenhouse greenhouse NN 870 875 gases gas NNS 876 879 had have VBD 880 884 been be VBN 885 895 maintained maintain VBN 897 899 at at IN 900 903 the the DT 904 908 peak peak NN 909 916 reached reach VBN 917 919 in in IN 920 924 1980 1980 CD 924 925 , , , 926 929 the the DT 930 937 climate climate NN 938 940 by by IN 941 945 2050 2050 CD 946 951 would would MD 952 956 have have VB 958 965 reached reach VBN 966 978 temperatures temperature NNS 979 982 not not RB 983 992 currently currently RB 993 1004 anticipated anticipate VBN 1005 1010 until until IN 1011 1015 2100 2100 CD 1015 1016 , , , 1017 1021 when when WRB 1023 1025 CO CO NNP 1026 1027 2 2 CD 1028 1042 concentrations concentration NNS 1043 1045 in in IN 1046 1049 the the DT 1050 1060 atmosphere atmosphere NN 1061 1064 are be VBP 1065 1073 expected expect VBN 1074 1076 to to TO 1077 1081 have have VB 1083 1090 doubled double VBN 1090 1091 , , , 1092 1095 the the DT 1096 1107 researchers researcher NNS 1108 1117 calculate calculate VBP 1117 1118 . . . 1122 1125 The the DT 1126 1134 slowdown slowdown NN 1135 1139 also also RB 1140 1141 “ `` `` 1141 1143 is be VBZ 1144 1147 due due JJ 1148 1150 in in IN 1151 1155 part part NN 1156 1158 to to TO 1159 1162 the the DT 1163 1169 slower slow JJR 1170 1176 growth growth NN 1177 1179 of of IN 1181 1188 methane methane NN 1189 1192 and and CC 1193 1199 carbon carbon NN 1200 1207 dioxide dioxide NN 1207 1208 , , , 1209 1212 for for IN 1213 1220 reasons reason NNS 1221 1225 that that WDT 1226 1229 are be VBP 1229 1232 n’t n't RB 1233 1237 well well RB 1239 1249 understood understand VBN 1250 1253 and and CC 1254 1258 need need VB 1259 1263 more more JJR 1264 1269 study study NN 1269 1270 , , , 1270 1271 ” '' '' 1272 1277 notes note VBZ 1278 1283 James James NNP 1284 1290 Hansen Hansen NNP 1290 1291 , , , 1292 1295 the the DT 1296 1300 NASA NASA NNP 1302 1312 researcher researcher NN 1313 1316 who who WP 1317 1326 conducted conduct VBD 1327 1330 the the DT 1331 1336 study study NN 1337 1341 with with IN 1342 1348 Makiko Makiko NNP 1349 1353 Sato Sato NNP 1353 1354 , , , 1355 1359 also also RB 1360 1364 with with IN 1366 1369 the the DT 1370 1374 GISS giss NN 1374 1375 . . . 1376 1379 The the DT 1380 1386 slower slow JJR 1387 1393 growth growth NN 1394 1396 in in IN 1397 1411 carbon-dioxide carbon-dioxide NN 1412 1426 concentrations concentration NNS 1428 1433 could could MD 1434 1436 be be VB 1437 1440 due due JJ 1441 1443 to to TO 1444 1453 increased increase VBN 1454 1456 CO CO NNP 1457 1458 2 2 CD 1459 1465 uptake uptake NN 1466 1468 by by IN 1469 1479 land-based land-based JJ 1480 1486 plants plant NNS 1487 1490 and and CC 1492 1498 marine marine JJ 1499 1508 organisms organism NNS 1508 1509 , , , 1510 1512 he he PRP 1513 1521 suggests suggest VBZ 1521 1522 . . . 1526 1529 The the DT 1530 1534 work work NN 1535 1540 grows grow VBZ 1541 1544 out out IN 1545 1547 of of IN 1548 1549 a a DT 1550 1561 longer-term longer-term JJ 1562 1568 effort effort NN 1569 1571 by by IN 1572 1575 the the DT 1576 1579 two two CD 1580 1590 scientists scientist NNS 1592 1594 to to TO 1595 1602 explore explore VB 1603 1608 paths path NNS 1609 1611 to to TO 1612 1621 adjusting adjust VBG 1622 1625 the the DT 1626 1631 globe globe NN 1631 1633 ’s 's POS 1634 1644 thermostat thermostat NN 1645 1650 other other JJ 1651 1655 than than IN 1657 1660 the the DT 1661 1672 politically politically RB 1673 1680 charged charge VBN 1681 1687 effort effort NN 1688 1696 embodied embody VBN 1697 1699 in in IN 1700 1703 the the DT 1704 1709 Kyoto Kyoto NNP 1710 1718 Protocol Protocol NNP 1718 1719 . . . 1721 1723 By by IN 1724 1732 focusing focus VBG 1733 1735 on on IN 1736 1742 carbon carbon NN 1743 1750 dioxide dioxide NN 1750 1751 , , , 1752 1755 the the DT 1756 1760 pact pact NN 1761 1765 sets set VBZ 1766 1769 its its PRP$ 1770 1776 sights sight NNS 1777 1779 on on IN 1781 1788 curbing curb VBG 1789 1792 the the DT 1793 1803 greenhouse greenhouse NN 1804 1807 gas gas NN 1808 1812 held hold VBD 1813 1817 most most RBS 1818 1829 responsible responsible JJ 1830 1833 for for IN 1835 1847 contributing contribute VBG 1848 1850 to to TO 1851 1854 the the DT 1855 1862 climate climate NN 1862 1864 ’s 's POS 1865 1872 warming warming NN 1873 1879 during during IN 1880 1883 the the DT 1884 1888 past past JJ 1889 1896 century century NN 1896 1897 . . . 1899 1902 But but CC 1903 1908 curbs curb NNS 1909 1911 on on IN 1912 1914 CO CO NNP 1915 1916 2 2 CD 1917 1921 mean mean NN 1922 1927 curbs curb NNS 1928 1930 on on IN 1931 1938 burning burn VBG 1939 1943 coal coal NN 1943 1944 , , , 1945 1948 oil oil NN 1948 1949 , , , 1950 1953 and and CC 1954 1961 natural natural JJ 1963 1966 gas gas NN 1967 1968 - - HYPH 1969 1972 the the DT 1973 1978 fuels fuel NNS 1979 1981 of of IN 1982 1989 booming boom VBG 1990 1999 economies economy NNS 1999 2000 . . . 2004 2008 Drs. Drs. NNP 2009 2015 Hansen Hansen NNP 2016 2019 and and CC 2020 2024 Sato Sato NNP 2025 2030 argue argue VBP 2031 2035 that that IN 2036 2048 policymakers policymaker NNS 2049 2052 can can MD 2053 2057 make make VB 2059 2070 significant significant JJ 2071 2078 headway headway NN 2079 2081 by by IN 2082 2091 attacking attack VBG 2092 2097 other other JJ 2098 2108 pollutants pollutant NNS 2109 2113 such such JJ 2114 2116 as as IN 2117 2122 black black JJ 2124 2130 carbon carbon NN 2131 2135 soot soot NN 2135 2136 , , , 2137 2142 ozone ozone NN 2143 2144 ( ( ( 2144 2148 smog smog NN 2148 2149 ) ) ) 2150 2152 in in IN 2153 2156 the the DT 2157 2162 lower low JJR 2163 2173 atmosphere atmosphere NN 2173 2174 , , , 2175 2178 and and CC 2179 2186 methane methane NN 2188 2192 from from IN 2193 2202 landfills landfill NNS 2202 2203 , , , 2204 2210 mining mining NN 2210 2211 , , , 2212 2215 and and CC 2216 2219 oil oil NN 2220 2223 and and CC 2224 2227 gas gas NN 2228 2238 production production NN 2238 2239 . . . 2240 2243 The the DT 2244 2247 duo duo NN 2249 2259 calculates calculate VBZ 2260 2264 that that IN 2265 2267 by by IN 2268 2276 reducing reduce VBG 2277 2284 methane methane NN 2285 2294 emissions emission NNS 2295 2297 by by IN 2298 2300 30 30 CD 2301 2308 percent percent NN 2308 2309 , , , 2310 2313 for for IN 2315 2322 example example NN 2322 2323 , , , 2324 2327 the the DT 2328 2334 effect effect NN 2335 2337 on on IN 2338 2345 climate climate NN 2346 2351 would would MD 2352 2354 be be VB 2355 2365 comparable comparable JJ 2366 2368 to to TO 2369 2372 the the DT 2373 2379 effect effect NN 2381 2385 from from IN 2386 2390 cuts cut NNS 2391 2393 in in IN 2394 2396 CO CO NNP 2397 2398 2 2 CD 2399 2409 envisioned envision VBN 2410 2412 by by IN 2413 2416 the the DT 2417 2422 Kyoto Kyoto NNP 2423 2431 Protocol Protocol NNP 2432 2438 during during IN 2439 2442 its its PRP$ 2444 2449 first first JJ 2450 2460 commitment commitment NN 2461 2467 period period NN 2467 2468 , , , 2469 2474 which which WDT 2475 2479 runs run VBZ 2480 2484 from from IN 2485 2489 2008 2008 CD 2490 2492 to to TO 2493 2497 2012 2012 CD 2497 2498 . . . 2499 2504 Their their PRP$ 2506 2511 study study NN 2512 2520 appeared appear VBD 2521 2523 in in IN 2524 2527 the the DT 2528 2532 Dec. Dec. NNP 2533 2535 18 18 CD 2535 2536 , , , 2537 2541 2001 2001 CD 2541 2542 , , , 2543 2548 issue issue NN 2549 2551 of of IN 2552 2555 the the DT 2556 2567 Proceedings Proceeding NNP 2568 2570 of of IN 2572 2575 the the DT 2576 2584 National National NNP 2585 2592 Academy Academy NNP 2593 2595 of of IN 2596 2603 Science Science NNP 2603 2604 . . . 2609 2613 back back RB 2614 2616 to to TO 2617 2620 top top VB 2625 2633 Untitled untitle VBN 2636 2645 Copyright copyright NN 2646 2647 @ @ NN 2648 2652 2002 2002 : 2653 2656 The the DT 2657 2666 Christian Christian NNP 2667 2674 Science Science NNP 2675 2682 Monitor Monitor NNP 2682 2683 . . . 2684 2687 All all DT 2688 2694 rights right NNS 2696 2704 reserved reserve VBN 2704 2705 . . .