2 13 Researchers researcher NNS 14 18 from from IN 19 22 the the DT 23 31 Weizmann Weizmann NNP 32 41 Institute Institute NNP 42 44 in in IN 45 52 Rehovot Rehovot NNP 53 56 and and CC 57 60 the the DT 61 69 Technion Technion NNP 70 72 in in IN 73 78 Haifa Haifa NNP 79 83 have have VBP 84 93 developed develop VBN 94 95 a a DT 96 104 computer computer NN 105 107 so so RB 108 112 tiny tiny JJ 113 117 that that IN 118 119 a a DT 120 128 trillion trillion NN 129 131 of of IN 132 136 them them PRP 137 142 could could MD 143 146 fit fit VB 147 151 into into IN 152 153 a a DT 154 164 laboratory laboratory JJ 165 169 test test NN 170 174 tube tube NN 174 175 . . . 176 179 The the DT 180 181 “ `` `` 181 190 computers computer NNS 190 191 ” '' '' 192 195 are be VBP 196 206 biological biological JJ 207 216 molecules molecule NNS 216 217 , , , 218 223 using use VBG 224 227 DNA dna NN 228 231 for for IN 232 240 software software NN 241 244 and and CC 245 252 enzymes enzyme NNS 253 256 for for IN 257 265 hardware hardware NN 265 266 , , , 267 270 and and CC 271 274 can can MD 275 280 solve solve VB 281 282 a a DT 283 290 billion billion CD 291 303 mathematical mathematical JJ 304 312 problems problem NNS 313 314 a a DT 315 321 second second NN 321 322 . . . 329 333 Such such JJ 334 338 tiny tiny JJ 339 346 devices device NNS 347 352 could could MD 353 356 one one CD 357 360 day day NN 361 364 fit fit NN 365 369 into into IN 370 375 cells cell NNS 376 379 and and CC 380 389 supervise supervise VB 390 400 biological biological JJ 401 410 processes process NNS 410 411 , , , 412 414 or or CC 415 419 even even RB 420 430 synthesize synthesize VB 431 436 drugs drug NNS 436 437 . . . 438 441 DNA DNA NNP 442 449 strands strand NNS 450 455 exist exist VBP 456 458 in in IN 459 465 almost almost RB 466 471 every every DT 472 476 body body NN 477 481 cell cell NN 482 484 – -- : 485 489 they they PRP 490 493 are be VBP 494 504 biological biological JJ 505 513 software software NN 514 518 that that WDT 519 523 tell tell VBP 524 528 each each DT 529 533 cell cell NN 534 537 and and CC 538 546 molecule molecule NN 547 551 what what WP 552 554 to to TO 555 557 do do VB 557 558 . . . 565 566 “ `` `` 566 568 If if IN 569 572 you you PRP 573 577 look look VBP 578 580 at at IN 581 584 the the DT 585 594 mechanism mechanism NN 595 597 of of IN 598 599 a a DT 600 604 cell cell NN 604 605 , , , 606 607 a a DT 608 611 lot lot NN 612 614 of of IN 615 619 what what WP 620 624 goes go VBZ 625 627 on on IN 628 634 inside inside NN 635 637 is be VBZ 638 649 computation computation NN 649 650 . . . 651 653 We we PRP 654 656 do do VBP 656 659 n’t n't RB 660 664 need need VB 665 667 to to TO 668 673 teach teach VB 674 677 the the DT 678 682 cell cell NN 683 686 new new JJ 687 693 tricks trick NNS 693 694 , , , 695 697 we we PRP 698 702 just just RB 703 707 need need VBP 708 710 to to TO 711 714 put put VB 715 718 the the DT 719 727 existing exist VBG 728 734 tricks trick NNS 735 737 in in IN 738 741 the the DT 742 747 right right JJ 748 753 order order NN 753 754 , , , 754 755 ” '' '' 756 760 says say VBZ 761 766 Prof. Prof. NNP 767 771 Ehud Ehud NNP 772 779 Shapiro Shapiro NNP 780 782 of of IN 783 786 the the DT 787 795 Weizmann Weizmann NNP 796 805 Institute Institute NNP 805 806 , , , 807 810 who who WP 811 817 headed head VBD 818 821 the the DT 822 830 research research NN 830 831 . . . 838 842 Some some DT 843 853 scientists scientist NNS 854 861 believe believe VBP 862 871 DNA-based dna-based JJ 872 881 computers computer NNS 882 887 could could MD 888 892 have have VB 893 895 an an DT 896 905 advantage advantage NN 906 910 over over IN 911 919 existing exist VBG 920 929 computers computer NNS 930 935 based base VBN 936 938 on on IN 939 946 silicon silicon NN 947 952 chips chip NNS 952 953 . . . 954 964 Artificial artificial JJ 965 970 chips chip NNS 971 975 have have VBP 976 983 reached reach VBN 984 989 their their PRP$ 990 996 limits limit NNS 997 1000 and and CC 1001 1003 ca ca MD 1003 1006 n’t n't RB 1007 1010 get get VB 1011 1014 any any DT 1015 1022 smaller small JJR 1022 1023 . . . 1024 1027 But but CC 1027 1028 , , , 1029 1032 say say VBP 1033 1036 the the DT 1037 1047 scientists scientist NNS 1047 1048 , , , 1049 1053 tiny tiny JJ 1054 1057 DNA dna NN 1058 1065 strands strand NNS 1066 1069 can can MD 1070 1075 store store VB 1076 1080 huge huge JJ 1081 1088 amounts amount NNS 1089 1091 of of IN 1092 1103 information information NN 1104 1106 in in IN 1107 1116 minuscule minuscule JJ 1117 1122 space space NN 1123 1125 – -- : 1126 1129 one one CD 1130 1135 cubic cubic JJ 1136 1146 centimeter centimeter NN 1147 1149 of of IN 1150 1153 DNA DNA NNP 1154 1157 can can MD 1158 1163 store store VB 1164 1168 more more JJR 1169 1180 information information NN 1181 1185 than than IN 1186 1187 a a DT 1188 1196 trillion trillion CD 1197 1200 CDs cd NNS 1200 1201 . . . 1208 1213 Prof. Prof. NNP 1214 1221 Shapiro Shapiro NNP 1222 1226 says say VBZ 1227 1230 the the DT 1231 1240 molecular molecular JJ 1241 1249 computer computer NN 1250 1252 is be VBZ 1253 1256 the the DT 1257 1262 first first JJ 1263 1265 of of IN 1266 1269 its its PRP$ 1270 1274 kind kind NN 1274 1275 . . . 1276 1284 Although although IN 1285 1294 computers computer NNS 1295 1299 with with IN 1300 1303 DNA DNA NNP 1304 1309 input input NN 1310 1313 and and CC 1314 1320 output output NN 1321 1325 have have VBP 1326 1330 been be VBN 1331 1335 made make VBN 1336 1342 before before RB 1342 1343 , , , 1344 1348 they they PRP 1349 1353 have have VBP 1354 1360 always always RB 1361 1369 involved involve VBN 1370 1371 a a DT 1372 1381 laborious laborious JJ 1382 1388 series series NN 1389 1391 of of IN 1392 1401 reactions reaction NNS 1401 1402 , , , 1403 1407 each each DT 1408 1417 requiring require VBG 1418 1423 human human JJ 1424 1435 supervision supervision NN 1435 1436 . . . 1437 1438 “ `` `` 1438 1446 Previous previous JJ 1447 1457 biological biological JJ 1458 1467 computers computer NNS 1468 1472 were be VBD 1473 1476 the the DT 1477 1481 same same JJ 1482 1486 size size NN 1487 1489 as as IN 1490 1493 the the DT 1494 1498 room room NN 1499 1501 in in IN 1502 1507 which which WDT 1508 1511 the the DT 1512 1523 supervisors supervisor NNS 1524 1527 and and CC 1528 1536 computer computer NN 1537 1546 equipment equipment NN 1547 1553 worked work VBD 1553 1554 , , , 1554 1555 ” '' '' 1556 1560 said say VBD 1561 1568 Shapiro Shapiro NNP 1568 1569 . . . 1570 1571 “ `` `` 1571 1575 With with IN 1576 1579 the the DT 1580 1583 new new JJ 1584 1590 method method NN 1590 1591 , , , 1592 1595 all all DT 1596 1599 you you PRP 1600 1604 need need VBP 1605 1607 do do VB 1608 1610 to to TO 1611 1614 get get VB 1615 1617 an an DT 1618 1624 answer answer NN 1625 1627 is be VBZ 1628 1631 put put VBN 1632 1635 all all PDT 1636 1639 the the DT 1640 1651 ingredients ingredient NNS 1652 1656 into into IN 1657 1658 a a DT 1659 1663 test test NN 1664 1668 tube tube NN 1668 1669 , , , 1670 1673 mix mix VB 1674 1678 them them PRP 1679 1687 together together RB 1687 1688 , , , 1689 1692 and and CC 1693 1698 check check NN 1699 1701 to to TO 1702 1705 see see VB 1706 1710 what what WP 1711 1714 the the DT 1715 1721 output output NN 1722 1724 is be VBZ 1724 1725 . . . 1725 1726 ” '' '' 1733 1736 For for IN 1737 1740 now now RB 1741 1751 biological biological JJ 1752 1761 computers computer NNS 1762 1766 only only RB 1767 1771 know know VBP 1772 1775 how how WRB 1776 1778 to to TO 1779 1785 answer answer VB 1786 1792 simple simple JJ 1793 1802 questions question NNS 1803 1807 with with IN 1808 1809 a a DT 1810 1811 “ `` `` 1811 1814 yes yes UH 1814 1815 ” '' '' 1816 1818 or or CC 1819 1820 “ `` `` 1820 1822 no no DT 1822 1823 ” '' '' 1824 1832 response response NN 1832 1833 . . . 1834 1835 A a DT 1836 1843 typical typical JJ 1844 1852 question question NN 1853 1858 would would MD 1859 1861 be be VB 1861 1862 : : : 1863 1865 In in IN 1866 1869 the the DT 1870 1878 sequence sequence NN 1879 1880 “ `` `` 1880 1883 AAB AAB NNP 1883 1884 ” '' '' 1885 1887 is be VBZ 1888 1893 there there EX 1894 1896 an an DT 1897 1902 equal equal JJ 1903 1909 number number NN 1910 1912 of of IN 1913 1915 As a NNS 1916 1919 and and CC 1920 1922 Bs B NNP 1922 1923 ? ? . 1930 1942 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 1942 1943 , , , 1944 1951 several several JJ 1952 1963 researchers researcher NNS 1964 1973 worldwide worldwide RB 1974 1978 have have VBP 1979 1985 hailed hail VBN 1986 1989 the the DT 1990 1999 computers computer NNS 2000 2002 as as IN 2003 2005 an an DT 2006 2015 important important JJ 2016 2019 new new JJ 2020 2031 development development NN 2031 2032 . . . 2033 2034 “ `` `` 2034 2038 They they PRP 2039 2043 work work VBP 2044 2050 better good JJR 2051 2055 than than IN 2056 2064 anything anything NN 2065 2066 I I PRP 2066 2069 ’ve 've VBP 2070 2074 seen see VBN 2075 2077 so so RB 2078 2081 far far RB 2081 2082 , , , 2082 2083 ” '' '' 2084 2088 said say VBD 2089 2093 Eric Eric NNP 2094 2098 Baum Baum NNP 2098 2099 , , , 2100 2101 a a DT 2102 2110 computer computer NN 2111 2120 scientist scientist NN 2121 2123 at at IN 2124 2127 the the DT 2128 2131 NEC NEC NNP 2132 2140 Research Research NNP 2141 2150 Institute Institute NNP 2151 2153 in in IN 2154 2163 Princeton Princeton NNP 2163 2164 , , , 2165 2168 New New NNP 2169 2175 Jersey Jersey NNP 2175 2176 . . . 2177 2185 Although although IN 2186 2188 he he PRP 2189 2198 questions question VBZ 2199 2206 whether whether IN 2207 2219 biomolecular biomolecular JJ 2220 2229 computers computer NNS 2230 2234 will will MD 2235 2239 ever ever RB 2240 2246 become become VB 2247 2253 really really RB 2254 2260 useful useful JJ 2260 2261 , , , 2262 2264 he he PRP 2265 2273 believes believe VBZ 2274 2278 they they PRP 2279 2282 are be VBP 2283 2284 a a DT 2285 2286 “ `` `` 2286 2290 step step NN 2291 2293 in in IN 2294 2297 the the DT 2298 2303 right right JJ 2304 2313 direction direction NN 2313 2314 . . . 2314 2315 ” '' '' 2322 2331 Professor Professor NNP 2332 2339 Shapiro Shapiro NNP 2340 2343 and and CC 2344 2345 a a DT 2346 2353 growing grow VBG 2354 2360 number number NN 2361 2363 of of IN 2364 2369 other other JJ 2370 2380 scientists scientist NNS 2381 2388 believe believe VBP 2389 2398 DNA-based dna-based JJ 2399 2408 computers computer NNS 2409 2412 may may MD 2413 2417 lead lead VB 2418 2420 to to TO 2421 2422 a a DT 2423 2429 number number NN 2430 2432 of of IN 2433 2439 useful useful JJ 2440 2452 applications application NNS 2453 2455 – -- : 2456 2460 they they PRP 2461 2466 could could MD 2467 2469 be be VB 2470 2477 planted plant VBN 2478 2484 inside inside IN 2485 2490 cells cell NNS 2490 2491 , , , 2492 2497 where where WRB 2498 2502 they they PRP 2503 2508 would would MD 2509 2514 watch watch VB 2515 2518 for for IN 2519 2533 irregularities irregularity NNS 2534 2536 or or CC 2537 2541 even even RB 2542 2552 synthesize synthesize VB 2553 2558 drugs drug NNS 2558 2559 . . . 2566 2569 The the DT 2570 2578 computer computer NN 2579 2588 simulates simulate VBZ 2589 2592 the the DT 2593 2597 cell cell NN 2597 2599 ’s 's POS 2600 2607 natural natural JJ 2608 2618 mechanisms mechanism NNS 2619 2623 with with IN 2624 2626 an an DT 2627 2635 accuracy accuracy NN 2636 2641 level level NN 2642 2644 of of IN 2645 2649 99.8 99.8 CD 2650 2657 percent percent NN 2657 2658 . . . 2659 2666 Natural natural JJ 2667 2670 DNA DNA NNP 2671 2680 processes process NNS 2681 2685 also also RB 2686 2693 involve involve VBP 2694 2706 inaccuracies inaccuracy NNS 2707 2712 which which WDT 2713 2716 are be VBP 2717 2726 corrected correct VBN 2727 2729 by by IN 2730 2735 other other JJ 2736 2741 genes gene NNS 2741 2742 , , , 2743 2747 says say VBZ 2748 2755 Shapiro Shapiro NNP 2755 2756 , , , 2757 2760 and and CC 2761 2763 it it PRP 2764 2766 is be VBZ 2767 2773 almost almost RB 2774 2784 impossible impossible JJ 2785 2787 to to TO 2788 2793 reach reach VB 2794 2802 absolute absolute JJ 2803 2811 accuracy accuracy NN 2812 2817 using use VBG 2818 2828 biological biological JJ 2829 2836 systems system NNS 2836 2837 . . . 2838 2845 However however RB 2845 2846 , , , 2847 2850 for for IN 2851 2854 the the DT 2855 2859 uses use NNS 2860 2863 for for IN 2864 2869 which which WDT 2870 2873 the the DT 2874 2883 computers computer NNS 2884 2887 are be VBP 2888 2898 designated designate VBN 2898 2899 , , , 2900 2904 this this DT 2905 2910 level level NN 2911 2913 of of IN 2914 2922 accuracy accuracy NN 2923 2925 is be VBZ 2926 2934 adequate adequate JJ 2934 2935 . . . 2942 2944 So so RB 2945 2948 how how WRB 2949 2953 does do VBZ 2954 2958 such such PDT 2959 2960 a a DT 2961 2969 computer computer NN 2970 2974 work work NN 2974 2975 ? ? . 2976 2979 Let Let NNP 2979 2981 ’s 's POS 2982 2985 say say VBP 2986 2989 the the DT 2990 2998 computer computer NN 2999 3004 wants want VBZ 3005 3007 to to TO 3008 3012 know know VB 3013 3020 whether whether IN 3021 3024 the the DT 3025 3031 number number NN 3032 3034 of of IN 3035 3040 times time NNS 3041 3042 a a DT 3043 3044 “ `` `` 3044 3045 B B NNP 3045 3046 ” '' '' 3047 3050 DNA dna NN 3051 3055 type type NN 3056 3063 appears appear VBZ 3064 3066 in in IN 3067 3068 a a DT 3069 3072 DNA DNA NNP 3073 3080 section section NN 3081 3083 is be VBZ 3084 3087 odd odd JJ 3088 3090 or or CC 3091 3095 even even RB 3095 3096 . . . 3097 3100 The the DT 3101 3104 DNA dna NN 3105 3112 section section NN 3113 3115 – -- : 3116 3119 the the DT 3120 3121 “ `` `` 3121 3126 input input NN 3126 3127 ” '' '' 3128 3130 – -- : 3131 3133 is be VBZ 3134 3142 inserted insert VBN 3143 3147 into into IN 3148 3149 a a DT 3150 3158 chemical chemical JJ 3159 3167 solution solution NN 3168 3173 along along IN 3174 3178 with with IN 3179 3186 enzymes enzyme NNS 3187 3189 to to TO 3190 3192 be be VB 3193 3197 used use VBN 3198 3200 as as IN 3201 3204 the the DT 3205 3213 computer computer NN 3213 3215 ’s 's POS 3216 3217 “ `` `` 3217 3225 hardware hardware NN 3225 3226 ” '' '' 3226 3227 . . . 3228 3233 Other other JJ 3234 3237 DNA dna NN 3238 3246 sections section NNS 3247 3250 are be VBP 3251 3256 added add VBN 3256 3257 , , , 3258 3263 which which WDT 3264 3267 act act VBP 3268 3270 as as IN 3271 3272 “ `` `` 3272 3280 software software NN 3280 3281 ” '' '' 3281 3282 . . . 3289 3290 A a DT 3291 3299 software software NN 3300 3307 section section NN 3308 3314 sticks stick VBZ 3315 3317 to to TO 3318 3321 the the DT 3322 3327 input input NN 3328 3332 with with IN 3333 3336 the the DT 3337 3341 help help NN 3342 3344 of of IN 3345 3347 an an DT 3348 3354 enzyme enzyme NN 3354 3355 . . . 3356 3358 If if IN 3359 3362 the the DT 3363 3366 tip tip NN 3367 3369 of of IN 3370 3373 the the DT 3374 3379 input input NN 3380 3382 is be VBZ 3383 3384 “ `` `` 3384 3385 B B NNP 3385 3386 ” '' '' 3386 3387 , , , 3388 3391 the the DT 3392 3397 input input NN 3398 3402 will will MD 3403 3405 be be VB 3406 3413 labeled label VBN 3414 3416 as as IN 3417 3423 having have VBG 3424 3426 an an DT 3427 3430 odd odd JJ 3431 3437 number number NN 3438 3440 of of IN 3441 3442 “ `` `` 3442 3443 B B NNP 3443 3444 ” '' '' 3445 3454 sequences sequence NNS 3454 3455 . . . 3456 3463 Another another DT 3464 3470 enzyme enzyme NN 3471 3475 then then RB 3476 3480 cuts cut VBZ 3481 3484 the the DT 3485 3492 section section NN 3493 3496 and and CC 3497 3504 reveals reveal VBZ 3505 3508 the the DT 3509 3513 next next JJ 3514 3522 sequence sequence NN 3522 3523 . . . 3524 3528 Each each DT 3529 3533 time time NN 3534 3535 “ `` `` 3535 3536 B B NNP 3536 3537 ” '' '' 3538 3545 appears appear VBZ 3545 3546 , , , 3547 3550 the the DT 3551 3556 label label NN 3557 3559 on on IN 3560 3563 the the DT 3564 3569 input input NN 3570 3577 changes change VBZ 3578 3582 from from IN 3583 3584 “ `` `` 3584 3588 even even RB 3588 3589 ” '' '' 3590 3592 to to TO 3593 3594 “ `` `` 3594 3597 odd odd JJ 3597 3598 ” '' '' 3599 3602 and and CC 3603 3607 back back RB 3608 3613 again again RB 3613 3614 . . . 3615 3619 Once once RB 3620 3623 the the DT 3624 3632 computer computer NN 3633 3636 has have VBZ 3637 3646 dissected dissect VBN 3647 3650 the the DT 3651 3657 entire entire JJ 3658 3663 input input NN 3663 3664 , , , 3665 3667 it it PRP 3668 3671 can can MD 3672 3681 determine determine VB 3682 3689 whether whether IN 3690 3693 the the DT 3694 3702 sequence sequence NN 3703 3711 appeared appear VBD 3712 3714 an an DT 3715 3719 even even JJ 3720 3722 or or CC 3723 3726 odd odd JJ 3727 3733 number number NN 3734 3736 of of IN 3737 3742 times time NNS 3743 3752 according accord VBG 3753 3755 to to TO 3756 3759 the the DT 3760 3764 last last JJ 3765 3770 label label NN 3771 3773 – -- : 3774 3777 the the DT 3778 3779 “ `` `` 3779 3785 output output NN 3785 3786 ” '' '' 3786 3787 . . . 3794 3797 The the DT 3798 3806 computer computer NN 3807 3810 can can MD 3811 3815 also also RB 3816 3818 do do VB 3819 3824 other other JJ 3825 3837 calculations calculation NNS 3837 3838 , , , 3839 3843 such such JJ 3844 3846 as as IN 3847 3855 checking check VBG 3856 3863 whether whether IN 3864 3867 the the DT 3868 3869 “ `` `` 3869 3870 B B NNP 3870 3871 ” '' '' 3872 3880 sequence sequence NN 3881 3888 appears appear VBZ 3889 3891 at at IN 3892 3897 least least JJS 3898 3902 once once RB 3902 3903 , , , 3904 3906 or or CC 3907 3909 at at IN 3910 3914 most most RBS 3915 3919 once once RB 3919 3920 , , , 3921 3923 by by IN 3924 3933 inserting insert VBG 3934 3943 different different JJ 3944 3949 types type NNS 3950 3952 of of IN 3953 3961 software software NN 3962 3966 DNAs dna NNS 3966 3967 . . .