[6-1 |] Tour VV tour Guide NP Guide [6-2 |] Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock [6-3 |]

[6-4 |] Foreword NN foreword [6-5 |]

[6-6 |] It PP it is VBZ be with IN with great JJ great pleasure NN pleasure that IN that Gaz NP Gaz de FW de France NP France and CC and the DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Tourist NP Tourist Association NP Association offer VVP offer you PP you this DT this guide NN guide for IN for the DT the hike NN hike to TO to the DT the top NN top of IN of Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock ( ( ( Preikestolen NP ) ) ) . SENT . [6-7 |] As IN as a DT a foreign JJ foreign company NN company in IN in Norway NP Norway , , , Gaz NP Gaz de NP de France NP France is VBZ be particularly RB particularly pleased JJ pleased that IN that it PP it has VHZ have been VBN be possible JJ possible to TO to publish VV publish this DT this guide NN guide in IN in several JJ several languages NNS language , , , including VVG include French JJ French . SENT . [6-8 |]

[6-9 |] This DT this publication NN publication is VBZ be the DT the first JJ first tangible JJ tangible result NN result of IN of the DT the collaboration NN collaboration established VVN establish in IN in October NP October 2003 CD @card@ between IN between the DT the Norwegian JJ Norwegian Mountain NP Mountain Touring NN touring Association NP Association ( ( ( DNT NP ) ) ) , , , the DT the Gaz NP Gaz de NP de France NP France Foundation NP Foundation and CC and the DT the French JJ French touring NN touring association NN association , , , FFRP NP ( ( ( La NP La Federation NP Federation Francaise NP Francaise de FW de la FW la Randonnée NP Pédestre NP ) ) ) . SENT . [6-10 |]

[6-11 |] We PP we hope VVP hope and CC and believe VVP believe that IN that this DT this tour NN tour guide NN guide will MD will make VV make the DT the scenic JJ scenic hike NN hike to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock even RB even more RBR more enjoyable JJ enjoyable . SENT . [6-12 |]

[6-13 |] Bonne NN bonne randonnée NN ! SENT ! [6-14 |] Pleasant JJ pleasant hiking VVG hike ! SENT ! [6-15 |]

[6-16 |] Welcome JJ welcome to TO to Norway NP Norway 's POS 's best-known JJS best-known tourist NN tourist attraction NN attraction ! SENT ! [6-17 |] Every DT every year NN year about IN about 100,000 CD @card@ people NNS people visit NN visit Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-18 |] The DT the map NN map of IN of the DT the world NN world that WDT that hangs VVZ hang in IN in the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin shows VVZ show that IN that people NNS people from IN from all DT all over IN over the DT the world NN world come VVN come here RB here to TO to experience VV experience this DT this spectacular JJ spectacular rock NN rock formation NN formation . SENT . [6-19 |] Many JJ Many of IN of the DT the guests NNS guest put VVP put a DT a pin NN pin on IN on their PP$ their hometown NN hometown . SENT . [6-20 |] Every DT every year NN year , , , Europe NP Europe is VBZ be covered VVN cover with IN with pins NNS pin , , , but CC but the DT the map NN map shows VVZ show visitors NNS visitor also RB also come VVP come from IN from much RB much further RBR further afield RB afield . SENT . [6-21 |] Australia NP Australia , , , South NP South Africa NP Africa , , , Uruguay NP Uruguay , , , China NP China , , , New NP New Zealand NP Zealand , , , Mongolia NP Mongolia , , , Kenya NP Kenya , , , Nepal NP Nepal , , , Canada NP Canada , , , Saudi-Arabia NP and CC and a DT a long JJ long list NN list of IN of other JJ other countries NNS country have VHP have been VBN be represented VVN represent in IN in this DT this way NN way . SENT . [6-22 |] In IN in the DT the cabin NN cabin guest NN guest book NN book , , , many JJ many people NNS people write VVP write that IN that they PP they found VVD find the DT the hike NN hike to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock to TO to be VB be the DT the high JJ high point NN point of IN of their PP$ their visit NN visit to TO to Norway NP Norway in IN in more JJR more ways NNS way than IN than one CD one . SENT . [6-23 |]

[6-24 |] The DT the hike NN hike begins VVZ begin at IN at the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin [6-25 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock begins VVZ begin at IN at the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin ( ( ( Preikestolhytta NP ) ) ) , , , which WDT which is VBZ be well RB well prepared VVN prepare to TO to welcome VV welcome the DT the many JJ many visitors NNS visitor of IN of all DT all ages NNS age who WP who want VVP want to TO to hike NN hike to TO to the DT the summit NN summit of IN of this DT this mighty JJ mighty rock NN rock formation NN formation . SENT . [6-26 |]

[6-27 |] Parking NN parking lot NN lot with IN with 400 CD @card@ spaces NNS space . SENT . [6-28 |] Parking NN parking fee NN fee . SENT . [6-29 |]

[6-30 |] During IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season , , , a DT a bus NN bus runs VVZ run to TO to and CC and from IN from Tau NP Tau and CC and Jørpeland NP several JJ several times NNS time daily JJ daily . SENT . [6-31 |] Information NN information on IN on bus NN bus schedules NNS schedule can MD can be VB be obtained VVN obtain from IN from Østerhus NN bilruter NN , , , tel NP Tel . SENT . : : : +47 JJ 51 CD @card@ 74 CD @card@ 02 CD @card@ 40 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-32 |]

[6-33 |] Jørpeland NN taxi NN taxi , , , tel NP Tel . SENT . : : : +47 JJ 51 CD @card@ 74 CD @card@ 71 CD @card@ 86 CD @card@ [6-34 |]

[6-35 |] The DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin [6-36 |]

[6-37 |] Open NP Open during IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season [6-38 |]

[6-39 |] Open JJ open during IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season [6-40 |] Sale NN sale of IN of soft JJ soft drinks NNS drink , , , ice NN ice cream NN cream , , , film NN film , , , running VVG run shoes NNS shoe , , , souvenirs NNS souvenir , , , post NN post cards NNS card , , , the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock diploma NN diploma , , , maps NNS map , , , handbooks NNS handbook , , , [6-41 |]

[6-42 |] The DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin : : : www.preikestolhytta.no NP [6-43 |] Preikestolhytta@enter.vg NP [6-44 |] Tel NP Tel . SENT . : : : 971 CD @card@ 65 CD @card@ 551 CD @card@ [6-45 |] Overnight JJ overnight accommodations NNS accommodation : : : Open NP Open from IN from mid-May NP mid-May to TO to mid-September NP mid-September . SENT . [6-46 |] Discount NN discount for IN for members NNS member of IN of Tourist NP Tourist Associations NNS association or CC or Youth NN youth Hostels NNS hostel [6-47 |]

[6-48 |] Breakfast NN breakfast : : : 0800 CD @card@ - : - 1000 CD @card@ [6-49 |] Lunch/snacks NNS : : : 1200 CD @card@ - : - 1600 CD @card@ and CC and 2000 CD @card@ - : - 2100 CD @card@ [6-50 |] Dinner NN dinner : : : 1600-2000 CD @card@ [6-51 |] Licensed VVN license for IN for beer NN beer and CC and wine NN wine [6-52 |]

[6-53 |] Rentals NNS rental [6-54 |]

[6-55 |] Rental JJ rental of IN of fishing NN fishing tackle VVP tackle [6-56 |] Trout NP Trout in IN in Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP [6-57 |] Free NP Free angling NN angling in IN in the DT the northern JJ northern end NN end of IN of the DT the lake NN lake [6-58 |]

[6-59 |] Family-friendly JJ sand NN sand beach NN beach just RB just below IN below the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin [6-60 |]

[6-61 |] The DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin was VBD be built VVN build at IN at the DT the Vatne NP mountain NN mountain farm NN farm [6-62 |] Around IN around 1900 CD @card@ , , , the DT the first JJ first tourists NNS tourist found VVD find their PP$ their way NN way up RP up to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-63 |] Most JJS most of IN of them PP them had VHD have to TO to spend VV spend a DT a night NN night there RB there in IN in order NN order to TO to complete VV complete the DT the trip NN trip and CC and in IN in 1920 CD @card@ the DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Tourist NP Tourist Association NP Association ( ( ( STF NP ) ) ) furnished VVN furnish 3 CD 3 rooms NNS room for IN for tourists NNS tourist at IN at the DT the roadless JJ roadless Vatne NP mountain NN mountain farm NN farm . SENT . [6-64 |] In IN in 1925 CD @card@ , , , a DT a tourist NN tourist centre NN center was VBD be also RB also established VVN establish at IN at the DT the Torsnes NP farm NN farm beside IN beside Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP . SENT . [6-65 |]

[6-66 |] The DT the stream NN stream of IN of tourists NNS tourist gradually RB gradually increased VVN increase and CC and , , , especially RB especially in IN in the DT the springtime NN springtime , , , Vatne NP and CC and Torsnes NP could MD could be VB be jam-packed JJ jam-packed with IN with hikers NNS hiker making VVG make for IN for the DT the top NN top of IN of Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-67 |] As RB as early RB early as IN as the DT the 1920s NNS 1920s , , , over IN over 100 CD @card@ overnight JJ overnight stays NNS stay were VBD be reported VVN report at IN at Torsnes NP . SENT . [6-68 |] In IN in 1949 CD @card@ , , , STF NP built VVD build the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin just RB just beside IN beside the DT the Vatne NP farmhouse NN farmhouse . SENT . [6-69 |] The DT the construction NN construction of IN of such PDT such a DT a big JJ big cabin NN cabin deep JJ deep in IN in the DT the mountains NNS mountain gave VVD give a DT a big JJ big boost NN boost to TO to the DT the tourist NN tourist association NN association . SENT . [6-70 |] All DT all transport NN transport went VVD go by IN by way NN way of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-71 |] A DT a dock NN dock was VBD be built VVN build at IN at Refså NP on IN on the DT the Lysefjord NP , , , and CC and a DT a motor-driven VVN aerial JJ aerial cableway NN cableway was VBD be constructed VVN construct from IN from the DT the fjord NN fjord up IN up the DT the steep JJ steep mountainside NN mountainside to TO to Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP . SENT . [6-72 |] From IN from there RB there , , , a DT a motorboat NN motorboat ferried VVD ferry people NNS people and CC and goods NNS good across IN across the DT the lake NN lake . SENT . [6-73 |] The DT the timber NN timber for IN for the DT the cabin NN cabin was VBD be cut VVN cut from IN from the DT the farm NN farm 's POS 's own JJ own forest NN forest , , , and CC and a DT a saw NN saw was VBD be installed VVN install down RP down by IN by the DT the lake NN lake . SENT . [6-74 |] In IN in 1961 CD @card@ , , , a DT a road NN road was VBD be built VVN build in IN in to TO to the DT the cabin NN cabin . SENT . [6-75 |] After IN after that DT that , , , the DT the summit NN summit of IN of Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock could MD could be VB be reached VVN reach on IN on a DT a day NN day trip NN trip . SENT . [6-76 |] The DT the influx NN influx of IN of visitors NNS visitor increased VVD increase year NN year after IN after year NN year . SENT . [6-77 |] The DT the area NN area was VBD be taking VVG take on IN on a DT a new JJ new life NN life . SENT . [6-78 |]

[6-79 |] The DT the farm NN farm at IN at Vatne NP was VBD be cleared VVN clear in IN in the DT the 1800s JJ [6-80 |] There EX There are VBP be still RB still many JJ many traces NNS trace of IN of the DT the old JJ old mountain NN mountain farm NN farm at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-81 |] The DT the farmhouse NN farmhouse is VBZ be still RB still standing NN standing and CC and is VBZ be currently RB currently used VVN use for IN for overnight JJ overnight accommodation NN accommodation for IN for those DT those who WP who prefer VVP prefer self-service JJ self-service . SENT . [6-82 |] In IN in the DT the pasture NN pasture area NN area surrounding VVG surround the DT the farm NN farm , , , sites NNS site of IN of former JJ former buildings NNS building , , , stone NN stone walls NNS wall and CC and piles NNS pile of IN of cleared VVN clear stones NNS stone tell VVP tell a DT a tale NN tale of IN of generations NNS generation of IN of hard JJ hard work NN work and CC and toil VV toil . SENT . [6-83 |]

[6-84 |] Vatne NP is VBZ be splendidly RB splendidly located VVN locate on IN on the DT the dry JJ dry , , , sunny JJ sunny slope NN slope north NN north of IN of Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP . SENT . [6-85 |] The DT the fields NNS field here RB here were VBD be larger JJR large and CC and the DT the soil NN soil deeper JJR deep than IN than they PP they were VBD be at IN at Torsnes NP , , , the DT the other JJ other mountain NN mountain farm NN farm up RB up here RB here . SENT . [6-86 |] The DT the first JJ first person NN person to TO to make VV make use NN use of IN of this DT this area NN area is VBZ be said VVN say to TO to have VH have been VBN be an DT an outlaw NN outlaw , , , but CC but according VVG accord to TO to written VVN write sources NNS source there EX there were VBD be no DT no farmers NNS farmer at IN at Vatne NP until IN until the DT the early JJ early 1800s NP . SENT . [6-87 |] Tollag NP Ellingson NP Ellingson from IN from Kalleli NP on IN on the DT the Lysefjord NP moved VVD move here RB here in IN in 1810 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-88 |] He PP he had VHD have six CD six children NNS child , , , but CC but two CD two or CC or perhaps RB perhaps three CD three of IN of them PP them died VVD die young JJ young . SENT . [6-89 |] In IN in 1875 CD @card@ , , , a DT a census NN census was VBD be taken VVN take at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-90 |] The DT the following VVG follow persons NNS person were VBD be present JJ present : : : Elling NP Elling Tollefsen NP Tollefsen , , , head NN head of IN of family NN family , , , along RB along with IN with his PP$ his wife NN wife , , , maidservant NN maidservant and CC and an DT an 80-year-old JJ woman NN woman . SENT . [6-91 |] Jonas NP Jonas Aslaksen NP , , , head NN head of IN of family NN family , , , along RB along with IN with his PP$ his wife NN wife , , , son NN son and/or NN farm NN farm hand NN hand , , , Guttorm NP , , , and CC and his PP$ his foster JJ foster daughter NN daughter Inger NP Inger . SENT . [6-92 |] The DT the following VVG follow animals NNS animal were VBD be counted VVN count in IN in the DT the census NN census : : : 8 CD 8 cows NNS cow , , , 128 CD @card@ sheep NN sheep , , , 35 CD @card@ goats NNS goat and CC and 1 CD 1 pig NN pig . SENT . [6-93 |]

[6-94 |] Do VVP do n't RB not set VV set off RP off to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock without IN without sturdy JJ sturdy footwear NN footwear ! SENT ! [6-95 |]

[6-96 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock was VBD be marked VVN mark for IN for the DT the first JJ first time NN time in IN in 1921 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-97 |] At IN at that DT that time NN time it PP it was VBD be just RB just a DT a simple JJ simple footpath NN footpath with IN with no DT no added JJ add improvements NNS improvement , , , but CC but with IN with the DT the coming VVG come of IN of the DT the road NN road to TO to the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin in IN in 1961 CD @card@ the DT the tourist NN tourist traffic NN traffic up RB up to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock increased VVD increase considerably RB considerably . SENT . [6-98 |] The DT the many JJ many tourists NNS tourist soon RB soon began VVD begin to TO to leave VV leave their PP$ their mark NN mark . SENT . [6-99 |] The DT the destruction NN destruction of IN of the DT the marshes NNS marsh and CC and wet JJ wet areas NNS area was VBD be so RB so great JJ great that IN that a DT a completely RB completely new JJ new trail VVP trail had VHD have to TO to be VB be built VVN build . SENT . [6-100 |] In IN in the DT the 1990s NNS 1990s , , , a DT a major JJ major trail-building NN project NN project was VBD be initiated VVN initiate with IN with the DT the aid NN aid of IN of public JJ public funding NN funding . SENT . [6-101 |] The DT the result NN result was VBD be a DT a trail NN trail that WDT that can MD can withstand VV withstand the DT the heavy JJ heavy tourist NN tourist traffic NN traffic and CC and which WDT which is VBZ be also RB also beautifully RB beautifully adapted VVN adapt to TO to the DT the vulnerable JJ vulnerable natural JJ natural environment NN environment . SENT . [6-102 |]

[6-103 |] The DT the hike NN hike from IN from the DT the parking NN parking lot NN lot up RB up to TO to the DT the actual JJ actual Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock plateau NN plateau is VBZ be only RB only 3.8 CD @card@ km NN long JJ long , , , but CC but it PP it still RB still takes VVZ take about IN about two CD two hours NNS hour each DT each way NN way . SENT . [6-104 |] The DT the trail NN trail rises VVZ rise 350 CD @card@ metres NNS metre and CC and the DT the surface NN surface varies VVZ vary between IN between gravel NN gravel , , , stone NN stone and CC and polished JJ polished rocks NNS rock . SENT . [6-105 |] The DT the rocks NNS rock can MD can be VB be very RB very slippery JJ slippery in IN in rainy JJ rainy weather NN weather , , , so RB so it PP it is VBZ be best RB best to TO to watch VV watch your PP$ your step NN step . SENT . [6-106 |]

[6-107 |] From IN from the DT the Tjødnane NP lakes NNS lake , , , you PP you can MD can choose VV choose to TO to follow VV follow the DT the traditional JJ traditional route NN route along IN along a DT a sheer JJ sheer clifftop NN high JJ high above IN above the DT the Lysefjord NP or CC or the DT the newly RB newly built VVN build trail NN trail up RP up to TO to the DT the plateau NN plateau above IN above Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-108 |] These DT these alternative JJ alternative routes NNS route can MD can be VB be combined VVN combine to TO to make VV make a DT a round NN round trip NN trip . SENT . [6-109 |]

[6-110 |] The DT the weather NN weather can MD can change VV change rapidly RB rapidly here RB here , , , so RB so remember VVP remember to TO to bring VV bring along IN along rainwear NN rainwear , , , warm JJ warm clothing NN clothing , , , food NN food and CC and drink NN drink in IN in your PP$ your backpack NN backpack . SENT . [6-111 |] There EX There is VBZ be no DT no sale NN sale of IN of refreshments NNS refreshment along IN along the DT the trail NN trail , , , so RB so you PP you have VHP have to TO to carry VV carry whatever WDT whatever you PP you need VVP need . SENT . [6-112 |]

[6-113 |] Enjoy VV enjoy the DT the view NN view of IN of the DT the Vatne NP farm NN farm and CC and the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin [6-114 |]

[6-115 |] Take VVP take a DT a break NN break when WRB when you PP you reach VVP reach the DT the top NN top of IN of the DT the first JJ first steep JJ steep climb NN climb from IN from the DT the parking NN parking lot NN lot . SENT . [6-116 |] From IN from the DT the plateau NN plateau ( ( ( 350 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level ) ) ) , , , there EX there is VBZ be an DT an excellent JJ excellent view NN view of IN of the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin and CC and the DT the former JJ former Vatne NP farm NN farm . SENT . [6-117 |] There RB there used VVN use to TO to be VB be so RB so few JJ few trees NNS tree in IN in this DT this area NN area that IN that the DT the farmer NN farmer at IN at Vatne NP cut NN cut peat NN peat in IN in the DT the marshes NNS marsh above IN above the DT the farm NN farm to TO to use VV use as IN as fuel NN fuel . SENT . [6-118 |] Today NN today , , , that WDT that is VBZ be no DT no longer RBR long necessary JJ necessary . SENT . [6-119 |] The DT the old JJ old agricultural JJ agricultural landscape NN landscape is VBZ be gradually RB gradually becoming VVG become overgrown VVN overgrow , , , and CC and many JJ many of IN of the DT the old JJ old walls NNS wall and CC and hayfields NNS are VBP be already RB already hard JJ hard to TO to find VV find . SENT . [6-120 |] This DT this growth NN growth of IN of vegetation NN vegetation is VBZ be primarily RB primarily due JJ due to TO to the DT the decline NN decline in IN in both PDT both the DT the number NN number of IN of grazing NN grazing animals NNS animal and CC and the DT the intensity NN intensity of IN of timber NN timber cutting NN cutting . SENT . [6-121 |] Precipitation NN precipitation also RB also brings VVZ bring with IN with it PP it a DT a number NN number of IN of nutrients NNS nutrient that WDT that fertilise VV fertilize the DT the soil NN soil and CC and promote VV promote growth NN growth . SENT . [6-122 |] The DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Tourist NP Tourist Association NP Association owns VVZ own a DT a total NN total of IN of 8,000 CD @card@ decares NNS decare of IN of this DT this beautiful JJ beautiful area NN area and CC and hopes VVZ hope that IN that many JJ many people NNS people will MD will make VV make use NN use of IN of it PP it for IN for outdoor JJ outdoor recreation NN recreation . SENT . [6-123 |] Here RB here you PP you can MD can find VV find exciting JJ exciting things NNS thing to TO to do VV do for IN for days NNS day on IN on end NN end : : : bathing VVG bath , , , fishing NN fishing , , , rowing NN rowing , , , picking VVG pick wild JJ wild berries NNS berry and CC and mushrooms NNS mushroom - : - and CC and last JJ last but CC but not RB not least JJS least hiking VVG hike on IN on the DT the other JJ other marked JJ marked trails NNS trail in IN in the DT the area NN area . SENT . [6-124 |] Try VV try it PP it yourself PP yourself . SENT . [6-125 |]

[6-126 |] The DT the landscape NN landscape was VBD be shaped VVN shape by IN by glaciers NNS glacier [6-127 |] At IN at its PP$ its highest JJS high point NN point , , , the DT the road NN road from IN from Jøssang NP to TO to the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin crosses VVZ cross the DT the Vatnerinda NP ridge NN ridge . SENT . [6-128 |] In IN in the DT the old JJ old days NNS day , , , people NNS people believed VVD believe that IN that the DT the enormous JJ enormous stone NN stone ridges NNS ridge along IN along the DT the Vatnerinda NP ridge NN ridge and CC and on IN on along IN along the DT the high JJ high ground NN ground around IN around Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP had VHD have been VBN be erected VVN erect by IN by trolls NNS troll . SENT . [6-129 |] Today NN today we PP we know VVP know that IN that the DT the ridges NNS ridge were VBD be thrust VVN thrust up RP up as IN as terminal NN terminal moraines NNS moraine by IN by the DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier about IN about 10,500 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-130 |] At IN at that DT that time NN time , , , the DT the whole JJ whole Lysefjord NN was VBD be filled VVN fill with IN with ice NN ice , , , and CC and a DT a tongue NN tongue of IN of ice NN ice reached VVN reach in IN in to TO to where WRB where Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP and CC and the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin are VBP be situated VVN situated today NN today . SENT . [6-131 |]

[6-132 |] The DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier [6-133 |] The DT the map NN map shows VVZ show where WRB where the DT the rim NN rim of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier was VBD be located VVN locate in IN in this DT this area NN area about IN about 10,500 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-134 |] This DT this viewpoint NN viewpoint would MD would have VH have been VBN be right JJ right in IN in the DT the middle NN middle of IN of the DT the glacier NN glacier rim NN rim . SENT . [6-135 |] The DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock Cabin NN cabin would MD would have VH have just RB just barely RB barely been VBN be covered VVN cover by IN by the DT the glacier NN glacier , , , while IN while the DT the road NN road up RB up from IN from Jøssang NP would MD would have VH have been VBN be just RB just beyond IN beyond the DT the edge NN edge of IN of the DT the ice NN ice . SENT . [6-136 |] Along IN along the DT the road NN road on IN on the DT the outside NN outside of IN of the DT the terminal NN terminal moraine NN moraine , , , melt VV melt water NN water from IN from the DT the glacier NN glacier flushed VVD flush loose JJ loose earth NN earth and CC and gravel VV gravel away RP away from IN from the DT the landscape NN landscape , , , whereas IN whereas there EX there is VBZ be usually RB usually an DT an abundance NN abundance of IN of loose JJ loose material NN material on IN on the DT the inside NN inside of IN of the DT the moraine NN moraine . SENT . [6-137 |] At IN at the DT the same JJ same time NN time as IN as these DT these terminal NN terminal moraines NNS moraine were VBD be built VVN build up RP up , , , other JJ other moraines NNS moraine were VBD be deposited VVN deposit along IN along the DT the whole JJ whole Norwegian JJ Norwegian coast NN coast from IN from Finnmark NP County NP County in IN in the DT the North NP North to TO to Østfold VV County NP County in IN in the DT the southeast NN southeast . SENT . [6-138 |] Moraines NNS moraine from IN from this DT this period NN period are VBP be often RB often called VVN call Raet NP ( ( ( end NN end moraines NNS moraine ) ) ) . SENT . [6-139 |]

[6-140 |] The DT the moraine NN moraine ridges NNS ridge consist VVP consist of IN of gigantic JJ gigantic boulders NNS boulder [6-141 |] The DT the blocks NNS block of IN of ice NN ice in IN in a DT a glacier NN glacier move NN move fluidly RB fluidly , , , and CC and the DT the glacier NN glacier can MD can transport VV transport gravel NN gravel and CC and stone NN stone . SENT . [6-142 |] Along IN along the DT the rim NN rim of IN of a DT a glacier NN glacier in IN in movement NN movement , , , terminal NN terminal moraines NNS moraine will MD will be VB be deposited VVN deposit . SENT . [6-143 |] In IN in the DT the area NN area along IN along the DT the Lysefjord NP , , , the DT the terminal NN terminal moraines NNS moraine consist VVP consist of IN of many JJ many enormous JJ enormous boulders NNS boulder and CC and not RB not much RB much fine JJ fine gravel NN gravel . SENT . [6-144 |] You PP you will MD will get VV get a DT a good JJ good look NN look at IN at this DT this boulder NN boulder moraine NN moraine later RB later in IN in this DT this hike NN hike , , , but CC but you PP you can MD can also RB also study VV study it PP it more RBR more closely RB closely by IN by taking VVG take a DT a small JJ small side NN side trip NN trip here RB here and CC and walking VVG walk 100 CD @card@ metres NNS metre up IN up the DT the trail NN trail to TO to Mt NP Mt . SENT . Moslifjell NP . SENT . [6-145 |] ( ( ( But CC but remember VV remember to TO to return VV return to TO to this DT this spot NN spot if IN if you PP you want VVP want to TO to continue VV continue on IN on the DT the trail NN trail to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock. NP ) ) ) [6-146 |]

[6-147 |] Crooked NP Crooked pine NN pine trees NNS tree [6-148 |]

[6-149 |] The DT the trail NN trail levels NNS level off RP off and CC and continues VVZ continue along IN along the DT the plateau NN plateau . SENT . [6-150 |] In IN in this DT this area NN area grow VV grow a DT a number NN number of IN of short JJ short , , , compact JJ compact pine NN pine trees NNS tree , , , which WDT which may MD may remind VV remind you PP you of IN of Japanese JJ Japanese bonsai NN bonsai trees NNS tree . SENT . [6-151 |] Pine NP Pine was VBD be one CD one of IN of the DT the first JJ first tree NN tree species NNS specie to TO to arrive VV arrive in IN in Norway NP Norway after IN after the DT the Ice NP Ice Age NP Age . SENT . [6-152 |] Pine NP Pine thrives VVZ thrive in IN in gravelly JJ gravelly soil NN soil and CC and is VBZ be relatively RB relatively drought-tolerant JJ drought-tolerant . SENT . [6-153 |] When WRB when they PP they get VVP get enough JJ enough nutrients NNS nutrient , , , pines NNS pine grow VVP grow to TO to be VB be tall JJ tall and CC and majestic JJ majestic . SENT . [6-154 |] The DT the Bonsai NN bonsai variety NN variety almost RB almost certainly RB certainly indicates VVZ indicate harsher JJR harsh growing VVG grow conditions NNS condition . SENT . [6-155 |]

[6-156 |] Farther RB farther along IN along the DT the trail NN trail , , , the DT the pines NNS pine get VVP get a DT a lot NN lot taller JJR tall . SENT . [6-157 |] Here RB here the DT the soil NN soil is VBZ be clearly RB clearly better JJR good . SENT . [6-158 |] Through IN through the DT the trees NNS tree , , , you PP you can MD can catch VV catch a DT a glimpse NN glimpse of IN of the DT the point NN point on IN on Lake NP Lake Refsvatnet NP where WRB where the DT the abandoned VVN abandon Torsnes NP mountain NN mountain farm NN farm is VBZ be located VVN locate . SENT . [6-159 |]

[6-160 |] Tasty JJ tasty forest NN forest and CC and mountain NN mountain treats NNS treat [6-161 |]

[6-162 |] As IN as summer NN summer stretches NNS stretch into IN into autumn NN autumn , , , you PP you may MD may find VV find ripe JJ ripe berries NNS berry along IN along the DT the trail NN trail . SENT . [6-163 |] In IN in the DT the old JJ old days NNS day , , , people NNS people were VBD be very RB very good JJ good at IN at gathering VVG gather berries NNS berry for IN for juice NN juice and CC and jam NN jam - : - nowadays RB nowadays , , , far RB far too RB too many JJ many people NNS people just RB just pass VVP pass them PP them by IN by . SENT . [6-164 |] Take VV take a DT a little JJ little stroll VV stroll off RP off the DT the beaten VVN beat path NN path and CC and see VV see what WP what you PP you can MD can find VV find . SENT . [6-165 |] There EX There are VBP be many JJ many tasty JJ tasty treats NNS treat that WDT that can MD can be VB be used VVN use in IN in both DT both desserts NNS dessert and CC and exciting JJ exciting dinner NN dinner dishes NNS dish . SENT . [6-166 |]

[6-167 |] Bilberries NNS bilberry ( ( ( Wild NP Wild blueberries NNS blueberry ) ) ) [6-168 |] Bilberries NNS bilberry are VBP be quite RB quite common JJ common throughout IN throughout the DT the whole JJ whole area NN area . SENT . [6-169 |] They PP they taste VVP taste good JJ good and CC and are VBP be known VVN know to TO to have VH have an DT an anti-diarrhoeic JJ effect NN effect . SENT . [6-170 |]

[6-171 |] Northern JJ northern bilberries NNS bilberry ( ( ( Bog NN bog whortleberries NNS whortleberry ) ) ) [6-172 |] Northern JJ northern bilberries NNS bilberry are VBP be also RB also blue JJ blue on IN on the DT the outside JJ outside , , , but CC but unlike IN unlike bilberries NNS bilberry they PP they are VBP be pale JJ pale green NN green on IN on the DT the inside NN inside . SENT . [6-173 |] Northern JJ northern bilberries NNS bilberry are VBP be often RB often left VVN leave behind IN behind after IN after the DT the bilberry NN bilberry pickers NNS picker have VHP have gone VVN go home NN home . SENT . [6-174 |] That DT that 's VBZ be a DT a shame NN shame because IN because the DT the berry NN berry tastes VVZ taste good JJ good and CC and contains VVZ contain over IN over three CD three times NNS time as IN as much JJ much vitamin NN vitamin C NP C as IN as a DT a bilberry NN bilberry . SENT . [6-175 |] A DT a tasty JJ tasty soup NN soup can MD can be VB be made VVN make of IN of northern JJ northern bilberries NNS bilberry . SENT . [6-176 |] They PP they have VHP have a DT a pleasant JJ pleasant , , , mild JJ mild taste NN taste that WDT that is VBZ be reminiscent JJ reminiscent of IN of gooseberries NNS gooseberry . SENT . [6-177 |]

[6-178 |] View NN view toward IN toward Stavanger NP Stavanger and CC and the DT the Boknafjord NP [6-179 |]

[6-180 |] After IN after a DT a climb NN climb through IN through the DT the forest NN forest and CC and over IN over scree NN scree , , , you PP you reach VVP reach the DT the next JJ next viewpoint NN viewpoint , , , 420 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-181 |] In IN in clear JJ clear weather NN weather , , , you PP you can MD can see VV see most JJS most of IN of the DT the Boknafjord NP from IN from here RB here with IN with the DT the city NN city of IN of Stavanger NP Stavanger on IN on the DT the far RB far left VVN leave - : - 25 CD @card@ km NN in IN in the DT the distance NN distance . SENT . [6-182 |] In IN in the DT the middle NN middle of IN of the DT the fjord NN fjord lie VVP lie the DT the islands NNS island Bru NP Bru , , , Åmøy NN , , , Mosterøy NP and CC and Rennesøy NP . SENT . [6-183 |] On IN on the DT the mainland NN mainland to TO to the DT the right NN right , , , we PP we get VVP get a DT a glimpse NN glimpse of IN of the DT the town NN town of IN of Jørpeland NP . SENT . [6-184 |] For IN for an DT an even RB even better JJR good view NN view , , , take VV take a DT a side NN side trip NN trip to TO to the DT the top NN top of IN of Husafjellet NP , , , which WDT which rises VVZ rise directly RB directly to TO to the DT the south NN south of IN of where WRB where you PP you are VBP be standing VVG stand . SENT . [6-185 |]

[6-186 |] The DT the forest NN forest here RB here has VHZ have begun VVN begin to TO to thin JJ thin out RP out , , , and CC and the DT the mountain NN mountain birches NNS birch are VBP be beginning VVG begin to TO to get VV get the DT the upper JJ upper hand NN hand . SENT . [6-187 |] The DT the tree NN tree line NN line in IN in this DT this part NN part of IN of Norway NP Norway is VBZ be about RB about 600 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-188 |] Farther RB farther into IN into the DT the interior NN interior of IN of the DT the country NN country , , , the DT the tree NN tree line NN line is VBZ be higher JJR high ; : ; in IN in Eastern NP Eastern Norway NP Norway , , , it PP it can MD can be VB be as RB as high JJ high as IN as 1,200 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-189 |] In IN in Norway NP Norway , , , the DT the birch NN birch is VBZ be the DT the tree NN tree that WDT that grows VVZ grow highest JJS high up RP up in IN in the DT the mountains NNS mountain . SENT . [6-190 |] In IN in recent JJ recent years NNS year , , , the DT the tree NN tree line NN line seems VVZ seem to TO to be VB be slowly RB slowly creeping VVG creep upward RB upward , , , probably RB probably as IN as a DT a result NN result of IN of a DT a milder JJR mild climate NN climate . SENT . [6-191 |] Less JJR Less grazing NN grazing of IN of farm NN farm animals NNS animal and CC and reduced JJ reduced removal NN removal of IN of timber NN timber for IN for wood NN wood heating NN heating are VBP be other JJ other reasons NNS reason why WRB why the DT the landscape NN landscape is VBZ be becoming VVG become more RBR more overgrown VVN overgrow . SENT . [6-192 |] During IN during the DT the last JJ last few JJ few years NNS year , , , major JJ major changes NNS change have VHP have been VBN be noted VVN note . SENT . [6-193 |]

[6-194 |] The DT the Mt NN Mt . SENT . Moslifjell NP trail NN trail junction NN junction [6-195 |] From IN from here RB here , , , you PP you can MD can take VV take an DT an exciting JJ exciting circular JJ circular trail NN trail up RB up to TO to the DT the summit NN summit of IN of Mt NP Mt . SENT . Moslifjell NP ( ( ( 718 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level ) ) ) . SENT . [6-196 |] This DT this is VBZ be a DT a good JJ good alternative NN alternative for IN for those DT those of IN of you PP you who WP who still RB still have VHP have plenty NN plenty of IN of energy NN energy and CC and do VVP do not RB not want VV want to TO to take VV take the DT the same JJ same route NN route back RB back from IN from Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-197 |] The DT the trail NN trail begins VVZ begin in IN in the DT the forest NN forest and CC and then RB then climbs VVZ climb up RP up into IN into magnificent JJ magnificent , , , open JJ open high JJ high mountain NN mountain terrain NN terrane with IN with views NNS view in IN in all DT all directions NNS direction . SENT . [6-198 |] The DT the Mt NN Mt . SENT . Moslifjell NP trail NN trail joins VVZ join the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock trail NN trail again RB again at IN at the DT the first JJ first viewpoint NN viewpoint . SENT . [6-199 |] The DT the hike NN hike involves VVZ involve a DT a climb NN climb of IN of 300 CD @card@ metres NNS metre and CC and takes VVZ take another DT another two CD two hours NNS hour . SENT . [6-200 |]

[6-201 |] Norwegian JJ Norwegian moose NN moose , , , hart NP Hart and CC and roe NN roe deer NN deer can MD can be VB be seen VVN see in IN in this DT this area NN area [6-202 |] In IN in this DT this area NN area , , , you PP you may MD may get VV get lucky JJ lucky and CC and catch VV catch a DT a glimpse NN glimpse of IN of one CD one of IN of the DT the three CD three species NNS specie of IN of deer NN deer that IN that inhabit VV inhabit this DT this area NN area : : : Norwegian JJ Norwegian moose NN moose , , , hart NP Hart and CC and roe NN roe deer NN deer . SENT . [6-203 |] Along IN along the DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock trail NN trail , , , there EX there are VBP be usually RB usually so RB so many JJ many people NNS people that IN that these DT these animals NNS animal keep VVP keep a DT a safe JJ safe distance NN distance away RB away , , , but CC but on IN on the DT the hike NN hike to TO to Mt NP Mt . SENT . Moslifjell NP , , , or CC or if IN if you PP you take VVP take a DT a side NN side trip NN trip somewhere RB somewhere else RB else on IN on your PP$ your own JJ own initiative NN initiative , , , you PP you quickly RB quickly get VVP get into IN into wilder JJR wild country NN country and CC and may MD may catch VV catch a DT a glimpse NN glimpse of IN of the DT the local JJ local fauna NNS fauna . SENT . [6-204 |] Even RB Even if IN if you PP you do VVP do not RB not get VV get to TO to see VV see any DT any living VVG live animals NNS animal , , , you PP you will MD will often RB often finds VVZ find traces NNS trace of IN of them PP them along IN along this DT this trail NN trail . SENT . [6-205 |]

[6-206 |] Krogebekkmyra NP [6-207 |]

[6-208 |] Large JJ large parts NNS part of IN of Norway NP Norway have VHP have been VBN be covered VVN cover by IN by marshes NNS marsh . SENT . [6-209 |] We PP we find VVP find marshes NNS marsh , , , or CC or bogs NNS bog , , , in IN in depressions NNS depression in IN in areas NNS area with IN with a DT a lot NN lot of IN of precipitation NN precipitation . SENT . [6-210 |] Dead JJ dead plants NNS plant do VVP do not RB not decompose VV decompose because IN because the DT the ground NN ground is VBZ be always RB always water-saturated VVN , , , so RB so that IN that oxygen NN oxygen cannot NN contribute VV contribute to TO to normal JJ normal decomposition NN decomposition . SENT . [6-211 |] The DT the incomplete JJ incomplete decomposition NN decomposition forms NNS form a DT a gas NN gas that WDT that smells VVZ smell a DT a little RB little dank JJ dank . SENT . [6-212 |] This DT this produces VVZ produce the DT the characteristic NN characteristic - : - and CC and quite RB quite pleasant JJ pleasant - : - smell NN smell of IN of a DT a marsh NN marsh . SENT . [6-213 |] Just RB just beneath IN beneath the DT the upper JJ upper plant NN plant coverage NN coverage lies VVZ lie a DT a black JJ black mire NN mire , , , which WDT which is VBZ be the DT the undecomposed JJ plant NN plant remains VVZ remain . SENT . [6-214 |] The DT the mire NN mire is VBZ be completely RB completely organic JJ organic with IN with none NN none of IN of the DT the sand NN sand or CC or mineral NN mineral content NN content generally RB generally found VVD find in IN in other JJ other types NNS type of IN of soil NN soil beneath IN beneath plants NNS plant . SENT . [6-215 |] In IN in marshes NNS marsh , , , we PP we find VVP find various JJ various types NNS type of IN of plants NNS plant that WDT that have VHP have specialised VVN specialize in IN in life NN life in IN in a DT a water-saturated VVN environment NN environment . SENT . [6-216 |] The DT the passage NN passage of IN of hikers NNS hiker across IN across a DT a marsh NN marsh tends VVZ tend to TO to enlarge VV enlarge the DT the path NN path . SENT . [6-217 |] Most JJS most people NNS people do VVP do n't RB not like VV like to TO to walk VV walk through IN through mire NN mire . SENT . [6-218 |] We PP we try VVP try to TO to bypass VV bypass the DT the boggy JJ boggy patch NN patch , , , and CC and pretty RB pretty soon RB soon the DT the trail NN trail is VBZ be many JJ many metres NNS metre wide JJ wide . SENT . [6-219 |] A DT a wooden JJ wooden walkway NN walkway has VHZ have therefore RB therefore been VBN be laid VVN lay across IN across Krogebekkmyra NP to TO to prevent VV prevent unnecessary JJ unnecessary destruction NN destruction of IN of the DT the marsh NN marsh and CC and make VV make it PP it easier JJR easy for IN for hikers NNS hiker to TO to cross VV cross it PP it . SENT . [6-220 |] These DT these wooden JJ wooden causeways NNS causeway are VBP be constructed VVN construct according VVG accord to TO to a DT a tradition NN tradition that WDT that is VBZ be many JJ many hundred CD hundred years NNS year old JJ old . SENT . [6-221 |]

[6-222 |] Dwarf VV dwarf birch VV birch [6-223 |] The DT the dwarf NN dwarf birch NN birch is VBZ be a DT a small JJ small ground-hugging NN ground-hug shrub NN shrub that WDT that thrives VVZ thrive in IN in dry JJ dry places NNS place . SENT . [6-224 |] It PP it has VHZ have small JJ small , , , round JJ round leaves NNS leaf that WDT that turn VVP turn a DT a beautiful JJ beautiful , , , intense JJ intense orangey-red NN in IN in the DT the autumn NN autumn . SENT . [6-225 |]

[6-226 |] Frog VV frog [6-227 |] There EX There are VBP be frogs NNS frog in IN in the DT the marsh NN marsh . SENT . [6-228 |] During IN during the DT the mating NN mating season NN season , , , you PP you can MD can hear VV hear the DT the males NNS male calling VVG call to TO to the DT the females NNS female with IN with croaking VVG croak sounds NNS sound . SENT . [6-229 |] The DT the females NNS female lay VVD lie hundreds NNS hundred of IN of eggs NNS egg in IN in shallow JJ shallow water NN water . SENT . [6-230 |] The DT the eggs NNS egg develop VVP develop into IN into tadpoles NNS tadpole , , , which WDT which are VBP be later RB later transformed VVN transform into IN into frogs NNS frog . SENT . [6-231 |] Their PP$ their most JJS most important JJ important sources NNS source of IN of nutrition NN nutrition are VBP be insects NNS insect and CC and snails NNS snail . SENT . [6-232 |]

[6-233 |] Dragonfly NN dragonfly [6-234 |] Dragonflies NNS dragonfly are VBP be among IN amongst the DT the most RBS most colourful JJ colorful insects NNS insect that WDT that catch VVP catch our PP$ our eye NN eye . SENT . [6-235 |] They PP they are VBP be built VVN build for IN for aerobatics NNS aerobatics . SENT . [6-236 |] Their PP$ their wings NNS wing are VBP be fastened VVN fasten to TO to a DT a muscular JJ muscular thorax NN thorax , , , and CC and their PP$ their large JJ large , , , colourful JJ colorful compound NN compound eyes NNS eye give VVP give them PP them an DT an excellent JJ excellent overview NN overview of IN of their PP$ their surroundings NN surroundings . SENT . [6-237 |] They PP they are VBP be hunters NNS hunter that WDT that live VVP live off RP off flies NNS fly , , , small JJ small butterflies NNS butterfly and CC and other JJ other insects NNS insect . SENT . [6-238 |]

[6-239 |] Bog NN bog Asphodel NN asphodel [6-240 |] The DT the bog NN bog asphodel NN asphodel is VBZ be a DT a small JJ small lily NN lily that WDT that adds VVZ add a DT a touch NN touch of IN of colour NN colour to TO to the DT the marshes NNS marsh . SENT . [6-241 |] When WRB when it PP it flowers NNS flower , , , it PP it turns VVZ turn the DT the marsh NN marsh golden JJ golden , , , but CC but as IN as the DT the fruit NN fruit begins VVZ begin to TO to ripen VV ripen it PP it takes VVZ take on IN on a DT a reddish JJ reddish green JJ green colour NN colour . SENT . [6-242 |] The DT the stems VVZ stem and CC and leaves VVZ leave gradually RB gradually turn VV turn grey NN grey , , , giving VVG give a DT a bewitching VVG bewitch greyish JJ greyish tint NN tint to TO to bog NN bog asphodel NN asphodel marshes NNS marsh in IN in the DT the springtime NN springtime . SENT . [6-243 |] The DT the plant NN plant contains VVZ contain a DT a toxin NN toxin that WDT that gives VVZ give sheep NN sheep a DT a skin NN skin disease NN disease , , , alveld JJ ( ( ( literally RB literally elf NN elf fire NN fire ) ) ) . SENT . [6-244 |]

[6-245 |] Sundew NN sundew [6-246 |] This DT this beautiful JJ beautiful marsh NN marsh plant NN plant is VBZ be actually RB actually insectivorous JJ insectivorous . SENT . [6-247 |] The DT the sundew NN sundew 's VBZ be beautiful JJ beautiful , , , bright JJ bright red NN red , , , shiny JJ shiny colour NN colour attracts VVZ attract many JJ many insects NNS insect . SENT . [6-248 |] The DT the drops NNS drop on IN on the DT the outermost JJ outermost edge NN edge of IN of the DT the rosette NN rosette of IN of leaves NNS leaf look VVP look like IN like water NN water , , , but CC but insects NNS insect that IN that land NN land on IN on the DT the plant NN plant get VV get stuck VVN stick fast RB fast and CC and slowly RB slowly suffocate VV suffocate . SENT . [6-249 |] The DT the sundew NN sundew absorbs VVZ absorb the DT the nutrients NNS nutrient from IN from the DT the dead JJ dead insects NNS insect in IN in order NN order to TO to obtain VV obtain the DT the nitrogen NN nitrogen it PP it needs VVZ need to TO to survive VV survive . SENT . [6-250 |]

[6-251 |] Common JJ common cotton NN cotton grass NN grass [6-252 |] Cotton NN cotton grass NN grass is VBZ be often RB often abundant JJ abundant in IN in Norwegian JJ Norwegian marshes NNS marsh . SENT . [6-253 |] The DT the white JJ white " `` " cotton NN cotton " '' " is VBZ be not RB not a DT a flower NN flower , , , but CC but a DT a brushlike JJ brushlike attachment NN attachment to TO to the DT the fruit NN fruit , , , which WDT which gives VVZ give the DT the airborne JJ airborne seeds NNS seed mobility NN mobility so RB so that IN that they PP they can MD can be VB be dispersed VVN disperse a DT a great JJ great distance NN distance from IN from the DT the mother NN mother plant NN plant . SENT . [6-254 |] The DT the " `` " cotton NN cotton " '' " has VHZ have been VBN be used VVN use as IN as pillow NN pillow stuffing NN stuffing . SENT . [6-255 |] There EX There are VBP be eight CD eight different JJ different cotton NN cotton grass NN grass species NNS specie in IN in Norway NP Norway . SENT . [6-256 |] Common JJ common cotton NN cotton grass NN grass is VBZ be extremely RB extremely abundant JJ abundant in IN in acidic JJ acidic marshes NNS marsh . SENT . [6-257 |]

[6-258 |] The DT the scree NN scree up RB up to TO to Neverdals NP Pass NP Pass [6-259 |]

[6-260 |] The DT the scree NN scree was VBD be deposited VVN deposit by IN by the DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier [6-261 |] This DT this massive JJ massive field NN field of IN of scree NN scree is VBZ be part NN part of IN of the DT the big JJ big terminal NN terminal moraine NN moraine that WDT that was VBD be formed VVN form by IN by glaciers NNS glacier about IN about 10,500 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-262 |] At IN at many JJ many other JJ other places NNS place in IN in the DT the mountains NNS mountain of IN of Rogaland NP - : - and CC and elsewhere RB elsewhere in IN in Norway NP Norway - : - there EX there are VBP be large JJ large patches NNS patch of IN of scree NN scree , , , but CC but many JJ many of IN of these DT these were VBD be formed VVN form after IN after the DT the Ice NP Ice Ages NPS Ages when WRB when rocks NNS rock were VBD be cracked VVN crack and CC and weathered VVN weather by IN by frost NN frost until IN until they PP they dislodged VVD dislodge from IN from the DT the steep JJ steep mountainsides NNS mountainside . SENT . [6-263 |] In IN in these DT these cases NNS case , , , we PP we should MD should be VB be able JJ able to TO to see VV see marks NNS mark in IN in the DT the mountainside NN mountainside where WRB where the DT the rocks NNS rock in IN in the DT the scree NN scree originated VVN originate . SENT . [6-264 |] This DT this type NN type of IN of scree NN scree formation NN formation continues VVZ continue to TO to this DT this day NN day . SENT . [6-265 |] Crusty JJ crusty lichens NNS lichen [6-266 |] Bare NP Bare rock NN rock and CC and stone NN stone are VBP be not RB not quite RB quite as RB as bare JJ bare as IN as you PP you might MD might first RB first think VV think . SENT . [6-267 |] A DT a closer JJR close look NN look will MD will reveal VV reveal that IN that rock NN rock walls NNS wall and CC and stones NNS stone have VHP have their PP$ their own JJ own special JJ special plant NN plant life NN life as IN as well RB well . SENT . [6-268 |] The DT the crusty JJ crusty lichens NNS lichen grow VVP grow in IN in a DT a thin JJ thin layer NN layer on IN on the DT the stones NNS stone . SENT . [6-269 |] Most JJS most of IN of the DT the crusty JJ crusty lichens NNS lichen become VVP become more RBR more or CC or less RBR less a DT a part NN part of IN of the DT the rock NN rock beneath IN beneath them PP them . SENT . [6-270 |] By IN by means NNS mean of IN of chemical NN chemical substances NNS substance , , , the DT the surface NN surface of IN of the DT the rock NN rock is VBZ be dissolved VVN dissolve so RB so that IN that the DT the plant NN plant can MD can get VV get a DT a foothold NN foothold . SENT . [6-271 |] There EX There are VBP be hundreds NNS hundred of IN of lichen NN lichen species NNS specie . SENT . [6-272 |] Many JJ Many of IN of them PP them are VBP be as RB as grey JJ grey as IN as the DT the stone NN stone on IN on which WDT which they PP they grow VVP grow ; : ; others NNS other are VBP be easier JJR easy to TO to see VV see . SENT . [6-273 |] Water NN water is VBZ be usually RB usually in IN in short JJ short supply NN supply for IN for lichens NNS lichen ; : ; it PP it runs VVZ run off RP off the DT the slippery JJ slippery stones NNS stone as RB as soon RB soon as IN as the DT the rain NN rain has VHZ have ceased VVN cease . SENT . [6-274 |] Because IN because of IN of this DT this , , , crusty JJ crusty lichens NNS lichen grow VVP grow extremely RB extremely slowly RB slowly , , , often RB often no RB no more JJR more than IN than 0.1 CD @card@ mm NN in IN in a DT a year NN year . SENT . [6-275 |] If IN if you PP you find VVP find a DT a large JJ large crusty JJ crusty lichen NN lichen , , , it PP it may MD may well RB well be VB be many JJ many hundred CD hundred or CC or even RB even a DT a thousand CD thousand years NNS year old JJ old . SENT . [6-276 |]

[6-277 |] Abandoned VVN abandon mountain NN mountain farms NNS farm [6-278 |]

[6-279 |] At IN at Neverdalsskaret NP ( ( ( 540 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level ) ) ) , , , you PP you get VVP get your PP$ your first JJ first glimpse NN glimpse of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP and CC and the DT the Lyseheiene NP mountains NNS mountain . SENT . [6-280 |] Here RB here you PP you arrive VVP arrive at IN at a DT a junction NN junction with IN with the DT the trail NN trail that WDT that continues VVZ continue along IN along the DT the north JJ north side NN side of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP to TO to Bratteli NP and CC and on IN on from IN from there EX there all PDT all the DT the way NN way in IN in to TO to Lysebotn NP at IN at the DT the head NN head of IN of the DT the fjord NN fjord . SENT . [6-281 |]

[6-282 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock winds NNS wind along IN along a DT a good JJ good gravel NN gravel road NN road through IN through the DT the scree NN scree . SENT . [6-283 |] The DT the numerous JJ numerous big JJ big boulders NNS boulder were VBD be deposited VVN deposit by IN by the DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier 10,500 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-284 |] In IN in the DT the autumn NN autumn , , , the DT the colour NN colour on IN on the DT the dry JJ dry stony JJ stony ridges NNS ridge turns VVZ turn to TO to red JJ red as IN as the DT the black JJ black bearberry NN bearberry and CC and bilberry NN bilberry leaves VVZ leave change NN change to TO to their PP$ their autumn NN autumn hues NNS hue . SENT . [6-285 |]

[6-286 |] Farming VVG farm on IN on mountain NN mountain ledges NNS ledge [6-287 |] The DT the conditions NNS condition for IN for farming NN farming along IN along the DT the Lysefjord NP are VBP be meagre JJ meagre . SENT . [6-288 |] Nevertheless RB nevertheless , , , people NNS people have VHP have somehow RB somehow managed VVN manage to TO to settle VV settle and CC and eke VV eke out RP out a DT a living NN living on IN on little JJ little green JJ green patches NNS patch of IN of land NN land on IN on the DT the mountainsides NNS mountainside , , , which WDT which they PP they have VHP have worked VVN work into IN into small JJ small farms NNS farm . SENT . [6-289 |] The DT the mountains NNS mountain provided VVD provided important JJ important additional JJ additional resources NNS resource through IN through hunting NN hunting and CC and fishing NN fishing . SENT . [6-290 |] In IN in bygone JJ bygone days NNS day , , , one CD one of IN of these DT these small JJ small places NNS place was VBD be situated VVN situated in IN in the DT the Neverdalen NP valley NN valley . SENT . [6-291 |] We PP we can MD can still RB still find VV find the DT the sites NNS site of IN of houses NNS house that WDT that once RB once stood VVD stand in IN in here RB here , , , but CC but this DT this area NN area had VHD have already RB already been VBN be abandoned VVN abandon before IN before 1900 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-292 |] The DT the name NN name probably RB probably comes VVZ come from IN from bjørkenever NN ( ( ( birch JJ birch bark NN bark ) ) ) , , , which WDT which was VBD be used VVN use in IN in those DT those days NNS day for IN for roofing NN roofing . SENT . [6-293 |] If IN if you PP you continue VVP continue on IN on the DT the trail NN trail along IN along the DT the Lysefjord NP , , , you PP you will MD will find VV find abandoned VVN abandon mountain NN mountain farms NNS farm at IN at both DT both Hengjane NP and CC and Bratteli NP . SENT . [6-294 |] The DT the farm NN farm at IN at Hengjane NP lies VVZ lie just RB just behind IN behind the DT the Hengjanenibbå NP peak NN peak , , , which WDT which rises VVZ rise straight RB straight up RB up from IN from the DT the Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-295 |] In IN in the DT the 1600s JJ , , , there EX there was VBD be a DT a summer NN summer farm NN farm at IN at Hengjane NP that WDT that belonged VVD belong to TO to the DT the farm NN farm at IN at Bratteli NP . SENT . [6-296 |]

[6-297 |] In IN in the DT the mountain NN mountain forest NN forest [6-298 |]

[6-299 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain forest NN forest is VBZ be the DT the last JJ last bulwark NN bulwark against IN against the DT the elements NNS element before IN before you PP you reach VVP reach the DT the high JJ high mountains NNS mountain . SENT . [6-300 |] Here RB here the DT the mountain NN mountain birch NN birch is VBZ be the DT the dominant JJ dominant form NN form of IN of vegetation NN vegetation interspersed VVN intersperse with IN with a DT a few JJ few rowan NN rowan trees NNS tree . SENT . [6-301 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain birch NN birch is VBZ be often RB often damaged VVN damage by IN by the DT the snow NN snow , , , leaving VVG leave it PP it crooked JJ crooked and CC and distorted JJ distorted in IN in appearance NN appearance , , , but CC but it PP it is VBZ be hardy JJ hardy and CC and puts VVZ put up RP up a DT a good JJ good fight NN fight even RB even when WRB when its PP$ its back NN back is VBZ be bowed VVN bow . SENT . [6-302 |] The DT the gnarled JJ gnarled mountain NN mountain birches NNS birch have VHP have inspired VVN inspire many JJ many a DT a local JJ local artist NN artist . SENT . [6-303 |] Here RB here and CC and there RB there in IN in the DT the various JJ various cabins NNS cabin , , , you PP you will MD will find VV find many JJ many strange JJ strange figures NNS figure made VVN make of IN of mountain NN mountain birch NN birch wood NN wood . SENT . [6-304 |] It PP it used VVD use to TO to be VB be popular JJ popular to TO to make VV make cups NNS cup and CC and bowls VVZ bowl from IN from knots NNS knot of IN of flame-grained VVN wood NN wood . SENT . [6-305 |] If IN if you PP you study VVP study the DT the trunk NN trunk of IN of a DT a mountain NN mountain birch NN birch a DT a little RB little more RBR more closely RB closely , , , you PP you will MD will find VV find that DT that many JJ many different JJ different species NNS specie of IN of lichen NN lichen are VBP be growing VVG grow on IN on its PP$ its branches NNS branch . SENT . [6-306 |] The DT the bark NN bark on IN on the DT the lower JJR low part NN part of IN of the DT the trunk NN trunk is VBZ be often RB often bare JJ bare , , , which WDT which indicates VVZ indicate how WRB how high JJ high the DT the snow NN snow usually RB usually accumulates VVZ accumulate in IN in the DT the winter NN winter . SENT . [6-307 |]

[6-308 |] Take VV take a DT a swim VVP swim in IN in the DT the Tjødnane NP lakes NNS lake [6-309 |]

[6-310 |] Norway NP Norway has VHZ have an DT an abundance NN abundance of IN of lakes NNS lake . SENT . [6-311 |] The DT the country NN country boasts VVZ boast hundreds NNS hundred of IN of thousands NNS thousand of IN of large JJ large , , , medium-sized JJ medium-size and CC and small JJ small lakes NNS lake , , , ponds NNS pond and CC and tarns NNS tarn , , , the DT the result NN result of IN of the DT the glaciers NNS glacier ' POS ' rough-handed VVN excavation NN excavation and CC and grinding VVG grind down RP down of IN of the DT the bedrock NN bedrock over IN over hundreds NNS hundred of IN of thousands NNS thousand of IN of years NNS year . SENT . [6-312 |] Rugged JJ rugged , , , uneven JJ uneven rock NN rock surfaces VVZ surface of IN of this DT this kind NN kind are VBP be only RB only found VVN find in IN in countries NNS country that WDT that have VHP have been VBN be subject JJ subject to TO to ice NN ice ages NNS age . SENT . [6-313 |] The DT the considerable JJ considerable amount NN amount of IN of precipitation NN precipitation that WDT that falls VVZ fall on IN on western JJ western Norway NP Norway throughout IN throughout the DT the year NN year ensures VVZ ensure that IN that these DT these lakes NNS lake are VBP be never RB never empty JJ empty . SENT . [6-314 |]

[6-315 |] In IN in the DT the summer NN summer , , , warmed VVN warm by IN by the DT the heat NN heat of IN of the DT the sun NN sun on IN on both PDT both the DT the water NN water and CC and the DT the surrounding VVG surround rocks NNS rock , , , the DT the water NN water in IN in these DT these shallow JJ shallow lakes NNS lake can MD can rapidly RB rapidly reach VV reach bathing VVG bath temperatures NNS temperature . SENT . [6-316 |] There EX There is VBZ be little JJ little chance NN chance that IN that you PP you will MD will disturb VV disturb any DT any fish NN fish in IN in these DT these waters NNS water ; : ; they PP they do VVP do n't RB not have VH have any DT any spawning VVG spawn brooks NNS brook here RB here , , , and CC and in IN in addition NN addition , , , the DT the pH NN pH of IN of the DT the water NN water is VBZ be too RB too low JJ low due RB due to TO to the DT the acidic JJ acidic bedrock NN bedrock and CC and acid NN acid rain NN rain . SENT . [6-317 |]

[6-318 |] Most JJS most of IN of the DT the water NN water in IN in the DT the uninhabited JJ uninhabited Norwegian JJ Norwegian countryside NN countryside is VBZ be potable JJ potable , , , as RB as long RB long as IN as the DT the water NN water is VBZ be flowing JJ flowing and CC and appears VVZ appear to TO to be VB be clear JJ clear and CC and pure JJ pure . SENT . [6-319 |]

[6-320 |] The DT the bedrock NN bedrock [6-321 |] The DT the rocks NNS rock on IN on which WDT which you PP you tread VV tread on IN on your PP$ your way NN way to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock belong VVP belong to TO to the DT the Norwegian JJ Norwegian bedrock NN bedrock , , , which WDT which consists VVZ consist of IN of acidic JJ acidic granites NNS granite and CC and gneisses NNS gneiss that WDT that were VBD be formed VVN form many JJ many kilometres NNS kilometre beneath IN beneath the DT the surface NN surface of IN of the DT the earth NN earth more RBR more than IN than a DT a billion CD billion years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-322 |] Over IN over millions NNS million of IN of years NNS year , , , the DT the rock NN rock that WDT that covered VVD cover the DT the current JJ current surface NN surface was VBD be worn VVN wear down RP down and CC and removed VVN remove by IN by erosive JJ erosive forces NNS force , , , i.e. FW i.e. water NN water , , , wind NN wind , , , chemical NN chemical decomposition NN decomposition and CC and last JJ last but CC but not RB not least JJS least glaciers NNS glacier . SENT . [6-323 |]

[6-324 |] Trail NN trail junction NN junction [6-325 |] Two CD Two trails NNS trail lead VVP lead on IN on to TO to Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock [6-326 |] The DT the trail NN trail forks VVZ fork here RB here . SENT . [6-327 |] You PP you can MD can take VV take the DT the trail NN trail to TO to the DT the left NN left and CC and approach NN approach Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock along IN along a DT a rock NN rock ledge NN ledge , , , where WRB where some DT some parts NNS part of IN of the DT the trail NN trail are VBP be safeguarded VVN safeguard with IN with wooden JJ wooden bridges NNS bridge . SENT . [6-328 |] Conversely RB conversely , , , you PP you can MD can take VV take the DT the right-hand JJ right-hand fork NN fork on IN on a DT a newly RB newly cleared VVN clear trail NN trail and CC and approach NN approach Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock by IN by passing VVG pass over RP over the DT the summit NN summit of IN of Mt NP Mt . SENT . Neverdalsfjell NP . SENT . [6-329 |] This DT this trail NN trail takes VVZ take you PP you up RP up to TO to 645 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-330 |] If IN if you PP you want VVP want , , , you PP you can MD can make VV make a DT a round NN round trip NN trip and CC and return NN return by IN by the DT the other JJ other trail NN trail . SENT . [6-331 |] In IN in this DT this booklet NN booklet , , , we PP we describe VVP describe the DT the traditional JJ traditional route NN route on IN on the DT the left-hand JJ left-hand fork NN fork . SENT . [6-332 |]

[6-333 |] At IN at the DT the bridges NNS bridge [6-334 |]

[6-335 |] At IN at the DT the safety NN safety bridges NNS bridge , , , the DT the drop NN drop to TO to the DT the verdant JJ verdant Neverdalen JJ valley NN valley is VBZ be precipitous JJ precipitous . SENT . [6-336 |]

[6-337 |] Pine NP Pine forests NNS forest and CC and sawmills NNS sawmill [6-338 |] It PP it was VBD be probably RB probably the DT the pine NN pine forests NNS forest that WDT that provided VVD provided the DT the economic JJ economic basis NN basis for IN for most JJS most of IN of the DT the farms NNS farm along IN along the DT the Lysefjord NP , , , at IN at any DT any rate NN rate from IN from the DT the 1500s JJ onward RB onward . SENT . [6-339 |] The DT the forest NN forest had VHD have a DT a chance NN chance to TO to grow VV grow large JJ large in IN in the DT the centuries NNS century following VVG follow the DT the Black NP Black Death NN death . SENT . [6-340 |] Saws NNS saw were VBD be constructed VVN construct by IN by the DT the waterfalls NNS waterfall . SENT . [6-341 |] Starting VVG start in IN in the DT the 1600s NP , , , pine NN pine timber NN timber from IN from the DT the Lysefjord NP also RB also became VVD become an DT an important JJ important export NN export product NN product to TO to other JJ other countries NNS country in IN in Europe NP Europe where WRB where the DT the growing VVG grow shipbuilding NN shipbuilding industry NN industry required VVD require a DT a source NN source of IN of good JJ good raw JJ raw materials NNS material . SENT . [6-342 |] A DT a number NN number of IN of shipbuilding NN shipbuilding slips VVZ slip were VBD be also RB also established VVN establish at IN at Lysebotn NP , , , Håheller NP and CC and Viga NP . SENT . [6-343 |] Lysefjord NP pine NN pine was VBD be straight JJ straight and CC and tall JJ tall with IN with good JJ good , , , dense JJ dense heartwood NN heartwood , , , which WDT which , , , among IN amongst other JJ other things NNS thing , , , was VBD be well RB well suited VVN suit for IN for ship NN ship masts NNS mast . SENT . [6-344 |]

[6-345 |] The DT the rock NN rock ledge NN ledge along IN along the DT the fjord NN fjord [6-346 |]

[6-347 |] Suddenly RB suddenly , , , the DT the Lysefjord NP is VBZ be directly RB directly beneath IN beneath you PP you . SENT . [6-348 |] The DT the last JJ last part NN part of IN of the DT the hike NN hike passes VVZ pass along IN along a DT a narrow JJ narrow rock NN rock ledge NN ledge 600 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above the DT the fjord NN fjord . SENT . [6-349 |] Be VB be careful JJ careful . SENT . [6-350 |] The DT the Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock plateau NN plateau is VBZ be about RB about 25 CD @card@ metres NNS metre x SYM x 25 CD @card@ metres NNS metre and CC and juts NNS jut out IN out 604 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above the DT the Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-351 |] Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock was VBD be given VVN give its PP$ its name NN name when WRB when people NNS people from IN from Stavanger NP Stavanger discovered VVD discover this DT this distinctive JJ distinctive rock NN rock formation NN formation almost RB almost 100 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-352 |] Locally RB locally , , , it PP it had VHD have been VBN be given VVN give the DT the descriptive JJ descriptive name NN name " `` " Hyvlatonna NP " '' " ( ( ( the DT the planing VVG plane blade NN blade ) ) ) because IN because its PP$ its shape NN shape resembled VVD resemble the DT the blade NN blade of IN of a DT a plane NN plane . SENT . [6-353 |]

[6-354 |] Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock [6-355 |]

[6-356 |] Many JJ Many people NNS people have VHP have regarded VVN regard Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock as IN as a DT a personal JJ personal challenge NN challenge . SENT . [6-357 |] Members NNS member of IN of Stavanger NP Stavanger turnforening NN ( ( ( the DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Gymnastics NNS gymnastics Association NP Association ) ) ) have VHP have performed VVN perform supple JJ supple handstand NN handstand exercises VVZ exercise on IN on the DT the edge NN edge . SENT . [6-358 |] A DT a few JJ few years NNS year ago RB ago , , , a DT a world-famous JJ world-famous French JJ French artist NN artist sat VVD sit on IN on a DT a chair NN chair that WDT that was VBD be balanced VVN balance atop IN atop a DT a number NN number of IN of water NN water glasses NNS glass out RP out at IN at the DT the very JJ very edge NN edge . SENT . [6-359 |] The DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Symphony NP Symphony Orchestra NN orchestra has VHZ have held VVN hold concerts NNS concert here RB here . SENT . [6-360 |] " '' " Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock rock NN rock " `` " is VBZ be a DT a well-known JJ well-known event NN event , , , and CC and weddings NNS wedding complete JJ complete with IN with vicar NN vicar and CC and bridal JJ bridal veil NN veil have VHP have been VBN be performed VVN perform here RB here . SENT . [6-361 |] Every DT every year NN year a DT a religious JJ religious service NN service is VBZ be held VVN hold on IN on Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-362 |] However RB however , , , its PP$ its steep JJ steep walls NNS wall are VBP be not RB not well RB well suited VVN suit to TO to rock VV rock climbing VVG climb or CC or BASE NN base jumping VVG jump because IN because of IN of the DT the loose JJ loose rock NN rock and CC and the DT the unpredictable JJ unpredictable updrafts NNS updraft . SENT . [6-363 |] Enthusiasts NNS enthusiast of IN of these DT these two CD two sports NNS sport should MD should have VH have a DT a go VV go at IN at Kjerag NP farther RBR farther in IN in toward IN toward the DT the end NN end of IN of the DT the fjord NN fjord . SENT . [6-364 |]

[6-365 |] Circular JJ circular trail VVP trail [6-366 |] A DT a marked JJ marked trail NN trail shows VVZ show the DT the way NN way to TO to the DT the plateau NN plateau above IN above the DT the actual JJ actual Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock . SENT . [6-367 |] Many JJ Many people NNS people go VVP go up RP up here RB here to TO to take VV take photos NNS photo . SENT . [6-368 |] This DT this trail NN trail continues VVZ continue over IN over Mt NP Mt . SENT . Neverdalsfjell NP and CC and down RB down from IN from there EX there to TO to the DT the other JJ other Pulpit NN pulpit Rock NP Rock trail NN trail near IN near the DT the Tjødnane NP lakes NNS lake . SENT . [6-369 |]

[6-370 |] What WP What is VBZ be a DT a fjord NN fjord ? SENT ? [6-371 |]

[6-372 |] The DT the peneplain NN peneplain and CC and the DT the Lysefjord NP [6-373 |] Before IN before us PP us , , , we PP we see VVP see many JJ many landscapes NNS landscape of IN of different JJ different ages NNS age . SENT . [6-374 |] The DT the mountains NNS mountain on IN on both DT both sides NNS side of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP are VBP be remains NNS remain of IN of an DT an old JJ old landscape NN landscape - : - a DT a peneplain NN peneplain - : - ( ( ( = SYM = almost RB almost flat JJ flat ) ) ) . SENT . [6-375 |] This DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape was VBD be formed VVN form 600 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago at IN at which WDT which time NN time it PP it was VBD be at IN at sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-376 |] Younger JJR young types NNS type of IN of rock NN rock may MD may have VH have been VBN be pushed VVN push up RP up over IN over this DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape during IN during the DT the Caledonian JJ Caledonian folding NN folding 350 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-377 |] These DT these mountains NNS mountain were VBD be later RB later eroded VVN erode away RB away and CC and the DT the landscape NN landscape became VVD become flat RB flat again RB again about IN about 60 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-378 |] In IN in the DT the time NN time since IN since then RB then , , , the DT the movements NNS movement of IN of the DT the earth NN earth 's POS 's crust NN crust have VHP have raised VVN raise this DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape up RP up to TO to its PP$ its current JJ current height NN height , , , 7-900 CD @card@ metres NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-379 |]

[6-380 |] The DT the contrast NN contrast with IN with the DT the deeply RB deeply cut VVN cut valleys NNS valley and CC and fjords NNS fjord is VBZ be striking JJ striking . SENT . [6-381 |] The DT the Lysefjord NP first RB first came VVD come into IN into existence NN existence in IN in the DT the form NN form of IN of a DT a river NN river valley NN valley after IN after the DT the old JJ old flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape began VVD begin to TO to rise VV rise . SENT . [6-382 |] Rainwater NP Rainwater , , , mountain NN mountain streams NNS stream and CC and rivers NNS river then RB then commenced VVD commence their PP$ their erosive JJ erosive activities NNS activity . SENT . [6-383 |] The DT the effect NN effect of IN of the DT the glaciers NNS glacier [6-384 |] During IN during the DT the ice NN ice ages NNS age - : - which WDT which occurred VVD occur from IN from time NN time to TO to time NN time during IN during the DT the last JJ last 1-2 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year - : - the DT the river NN river valley NN valley was VBD be broadened VVN broaden into IN into today NN today 's POS 's U-shaped JJ U-shaped valley NN valley . SENT . [6-385 |] Glaciers NNS glacier will MD will scrape VV scrape away RP away the DT the sides NNS side and CC and likewise RB likewise dig VV dig deeper JJR deep . SENT . [6-386 |] They PP they pry VV pry blocks NNS block of IN of stone NN stone away RB away from IN from the DT the sides NNS side and CC and from IN from beneath IN beneath the DT the bottom NN bottom of IN of the DT the glacier NN glacier ; : ; they PP they polish VV polish the DT the rock NN rock flat JJ flat , , , and CC and they PP they transport VV transport most JJS most of IN of the DT the loose JJ loose material NN material away RB away from IN from its PP$ its place NN place of IN of origin NN origin . SENT . [6-387 |] Glaciers NNS glacier are VBP be the DT the world NN world 's POS 's most RBS most effective JJ effective landscape NN landscape transformers NNS transformer . SENT . [6-388 |] They PP they tear VV tear down RB down , , , they PP they transport NN transport materials NNS material , , , and CC and they PP they build VVP build up RP up new JJ new landscapes NNS landscape along IN along the DT the rim NN rim of IN of the DT the glacier NN glacier . SENT . [6-389 |]

[6-390 |] The DT the Lysefjord NP is VBZ be a DT a genuine JJ genuine fjord NN fjord ; : ; i.e. FW i.e. it PP it is VBZ be overdeepened JJ and CC and has VHZ have a DT a sill NN sill at IN at the DT the mouth NN mouth of IN of the DT the fjord NN fjord , , , and CC and it PP it is VBZ be filled VVN fill with IN with salt NN salt water NN water from IN from the DT the sea NN sea . SENT . [6-391 |] The DT the fjord NN fjord is VBZ be deepest JJS deep - : - 457 CD @card@ metres NNS metre - : - at IN at Songesand NP , , , where WRB where the DT the fjord NN fjord changes NNS change direction NN direction . SENT .