[6-1 |] Touring VVG tour guide NN guide [6-2 |] Preikestolen JJ [6-3 |]

[6-4 |] Foreword NN foreword [6-5 |]

[6-6 |] Gaz NP Gaz de FW de France NP France and CC and Stavanger NP Stavanger Tourist NP Tourist Association NP Association are VBP be very RB very happy JJ happy to TO to be VB be able JJ able to TO to provide VV provide this DT this guide NN guide for IN for the DT the trip NN trip to TO to Preikestolen NP . SENT . [6-7 |] As IN as a DT a foreign JJ foreign company NN company in IN in Norway NP Norway , , , Gaz NP Gaz de NP de France NP France is VBZ be especially RB especially pleased JJ pleased that IN that they PP they have VHP have succeeded VVN succeed in IN in publishing VVG publish this DT this guide NN guide in IN in several JJ several languages NNS language , , , including VVG include French JJ French . SENT . [6-8 |]

[6-9 |] The DT the publication NN publication is VBZ be the DT the first JJ first tangible JJ tangible result NN result of IN of the DT the collaboration NN collaboration that WDT that was VBD be established VVN establish in IN in October NP October 2003 CD @card@ between IN between The DT the Norwegian JJ Norwegian Mountain NP Mountain Touring NN touring Association NP Association ( ( ( DNT NP ) ) ) , , , Gaz NP Gaz de NP de France NP France 's POS 's foundation NN foundation serving VVG serve the DT the public NN public and CC and the DT the French JJ French touring NN touring organization NN organization FFRP NP . SENT . [6-10 |]

[6-11 |] We PP we hope VVP hope and CC and believe VVP believe that IN that this DT this tour NN tour guide NN guide will MD will make VV make the DT the magnificent JJ magnificent trip NN trip to TO to Preikestolen VV even RB even more RBR more meaningful JJ meaningful . SENT . [6-12 |]

[6-13 |] Bonne NN bonne randonnée NN ! SENT ! [6-14 |] Enjoy VV enjoy your PP$ your excursion NN excursion ! SENT ! [6-15 |]

[6-16 |] Welcome JJ welcome to TO to Norway NP Norway 's POS 's most RBS most colorful JJ colorful hiking VVG hike destination NN destination ! SENT ! [6-17 |] Each DT each year NN year , , , about IN about 100 000 JJ people NNS people visit VVP visit Preikestolen NP . SENT . [6-18 |] The DT the map NN map of IN of the DT the world NN world that WDT that hangs VVZ hang on IN on the DT the wall NN wall at IN at Preikstolhytta NP shows VVZ show that IN that people NNS people from IN from all DT all parts NNS part of IN of the DT the globe NN globe come VVN come to TO to experience VV experience this DT this spectacular JJ spectacular mountain NN mountain formation NN formation . SENT . [6-19 |] Many JJ Many of IN of the DT the guests NNS guest place VVP place a DT a pin NN pin on IN on the DT the spot NN spot where WRB where they PP they come VVP come from IN from . SENT . [6-20] Each DT each year NN year , , , Europe NP Europe is VBZ be covered VVN cover with IN with pinheads NNS pinhead , , , but CC but in IN in addition NN addition , , , the DT the map NN map reveals VVZ reveal a DT a colorful JJ colorful community NN community of IN of fellow JJ fellow hikers NNS hiker . SENT . [6-21 |] Australia NP Australia , , , South NP South Africa NP Africa , , , Uruguay NP Uruguay , , , China NP China , , , New NP New Zealand NP Zealand , , , Mongolia NP Mongolia , , , Kenya NP Kenya , , , Nepal NP Nepal , , , Canada NP Canada , , , Saudi NP Saudi Arabia NP Arabia and CC and a DT a large JJ large number NN number of IN of other JJ other countries NNS country have VHP have been VBN be represented VVN represent . SENT . [6-22 |] And CC and in IN in the DT the cabin NN cabin 's POS 's guestbook NN , , , many JJ many write VVP write that IN that they PP they experience VVP experience the DT the trip NN trip to TO to Preikestolen VV literally RB literally as IN as the DT the high JJ high point NN point of IN of their PP$ their visit NN visit to TO to Norway NP Norway . SENT . [6-23 |]

[6-24 |] The DT the trip NN trip begins VVZ begin at IN at the DT the Preikestol NN lodge VV lodge . SENT . [6-25 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Preikestolen NP itself PP itself begins VVZ begin at IN at the DT the Preikestol JJ cabin NN cabin . SENT . [6-26 |] Everything NN Everything is VBZ be organized VVN organize to TO to be VB be able JJ able to TO to accommodate VV accommodate the DT the many JJ many hikers NNS hiker , , , young JJ young and CC and old JJ old , , , who WP who want VVP want to TO to take VV take the DT the trip NN trip out RP out to TO to this DT this majestic JJ majestic mountain NN mountain formation NN formation . SENT . [6-27 |]

[6-28 |] 400 CD @card@ parking NN parking spots NNS spot . SENT . [6-29 |] Fee NN fee [6-30 |]

[6-31 |] During IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season , , , buses NNS bus run VVP run to TO to and CC and from IN from Tau NP Tau and CC and Jørpeland NP several JJ several times NNS time per IN per day NN day . SENT . [6-32 |] Route NN route information NN information : : : Østerhus NN bilruter NN , , , telephone NN telephone 51 CD @card@ 74 CD @card@ 02 CD @card@ 40 CD @card@ [6-33 |]

[6-34 |] Jørpeland NP taxi NN taxi , , , telephone NN telephone 51 CD @card@ 74 CD @card@ 71 CD @card@ 86 CD @card@ [6-35 |]

[6-36 |] The DT the Preikestol NN Cabin NN cabin [6-37 |]

[6-38 |] Open JJ open during IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season . SENT . [6-39 |]

[6-40 |] Open JJ open during IN during the DT the summer NN summer season NN season [6-41 |] Soft JJ soft drinks NNS drink , , , ice NN ice cream NN cream , , , films NNS film , , , sneakers NN sneakers , , , souvenirs NNS souvenir , , , postcards NNS postcard , , , Preikestol JJ certificate NN certificate , , , maps NNS map , , , handbooks NNS handbook for IN for sale NN sale . SENT . [6-42 |]

[6-43 |] Preikestolhytta NP : : : www.preikestolhytta.no NP [6-44 |] Preikestolhytta@enter.vg NP [6-45 |] Telephone NP Telephone 97165551 CD @card@ [6-46 |] Overnight JJ overnight accommodations NNS accommodation [6-47 |] Open NP Open mid-May NP mid-May - : - mid-September NN mid-September [6-48 |] Discounts NNS discount for IN for members NNS member of IN of the DT the tourist NN tourist association NN association or CC or Youth NN youth hostels NNS hostel . SENT . [6-49 |]

[6-50 |] Breakfast NN breakfast 0800 CD @card@ - : - 1000 CD @card@ [6-51 |] Luncheon NN luncheon dishes/light NN meals NNS meal : : : 12 CD @card@ - : - 16 CD @card@ and CC and 20 CD @card@ - : - 21 CD @card@ [6-52 |] Dinner NN dinner : : : 16 CD @card@ - : - 20 CD @card@ [6-53 |] Licensed VVN license for IN for beer NN beer and CC and wine NN wine . SENT . [6-54 |]

[6-55 |] Rentals NNS rental [6-56 |]

[6-57 |] Rental JJ rental of IN of fishing NN fishing equipment NN equipment [6-58 |] Brown NP Brown trout NN trout in IN in Refsvatn NP [6-59 |] Free NP Free rod-fishing NN in IN in the DT the northern JJ northern portion NN portion of IN of the DT the lake NN lake [6-60 |]

[6-61 |] Sandy NP Sandy beach NN beach suitable JJ suitable for IN for families NNS family just RB just below IN below Prekestol NP Lodge NP Lodge [6-62]

[6-63 |] Preikestolhytta NP was VBD be built VVN build on IN on the DT the Vatne NP mountain NN mountain farm NN farm [6-64 |] Around IN around 1900 CD @card@ , , , the DT the first JJ first tourists NNS tourist found VVD find their PP$ their way NN way up RP up to TO to Preikestolen NP . SENT . [6-65 |] Most JJS most of IN of them PP them needed VVD need to TO to spend VV spend the DT the night NN night in IN in order NN order to TO to be VB be able JJ able to TO to complete VV complete the DT the trip NN trip , , , and CC and in IN in 1920 CD @card@ Stavanger NP Stavanger Touring NN touring Association NP Association ( ( ( STF NP ) ) ) furnished VVN furnish three CD three rooms NNS room for IN for tourists NNS tourist at IN at the DT the roadless JJ roadless Vatne NP mountain NN mountain farm NN farm . SENT . [6-66 |] In IN in 1925 CD @card@ , , , a DT a tourist NN tourist facility NN facility was VBD be also RB also established VVN establish here RB here at IN at the DT the Torsnes NP farm NN farm by IN by Refsvatn NP . SENT . [6-67 |]

[6-68 |] The DT the flow NN flow of IN of tourists NNS tourist increased VVN increase steadily RB steadily and CC and particularly RB particularly in IN in the DT the springtime NN springtime Vatne NP and CC and Torsnes NP were VBD be overcrowded VVN overcrowd with IN with people NNS people on IN on their PP$ their way NN way to TO to Preikestolen NP . SENT . [6-69 |] Already RB already in IN in the DT the 1920 CD @card@ 's VBZ be more JJR more than IN than 100 CD @card@ overnight JJ overnight stops NNS stop were VBD be reported VVN report . SENT . [6-70 |] In IN in 1949 CD @card@ , , , SFT NP built VVD build the DT the Preikestol JJ Cabin NN cabin near IN near the DT the farmhouse NN farmhouse at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-71 |] The DT the construction NN construction of IN of such PDT such a DT a large JJ large cabin NN cabin far RB far inside IN inside the DT the mountains NNS mountain was VBD be a DT a great JJ great boost NN boost for IN for the DT the touring VVG tour association NN association . SENT . [6-72 |] All DT all transportation NN transportation was VBD be done VVN do from IN from Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-73 |] A DT a pier NN pier was VBD be built VVN build at IN at Refså NP on IN on Lysefjord NP , , , as RB as well RB well as IN as a DT a motor-driven VVN cable NN cable car NN car from IN from the DT the fjord NN fjord and CC and up RB up the DT the steep JJ steep mountainside NN mountainside to TO to Refsvatn NP . SENT . [6-74 |] Motorized VVN motorize boats NNS boat carried VVD carry people NNS people and CC and supplies NNS supply across IN across the DT the lake NN lake . SENT . [6-75 |] The DT the lumber NN lumber for IN for the DT the cabin NN cabin was VBD be cut VVN cut from IN from the DT the local JJ local forest NN forest and CC and a DT a saw NN saw was VBD be installed VVN install down RP down by IN by the DT the lake NN lake . SENT . [6-76 |] In IN in 1961 CD @card@ , , , the DT the automobile NN automobile road NN road was VBD be built VVN build up RP up to TO to the DT the cabin NN cabin . SENT . [6-77 |] As IN as a DT a result NN result , , , Prekestolen NP could MD could be VB be reached VVN reach on IN on a DT a one-day JJ one-day trip NN trip . SENT . [6-78 |] The DT the flow NN flow of IN of visitors NNS visitor increased VVD increase year NN year by IN by year NN year . SENT . [6-79 |] A DT a new JJ new era NN era had VHD have begun VVN begin . SENT . [6-80 |]

[6-81 |] The DT the Vatne NP farm NN farm was VBD be cleared VVN clear in IN in the DT the 1800 CD @card@ 's POS 's . SENT . [6-82 |] There EX There are VBP be still RB still many JJ many traces NNS trace left VVN leave from IN from the DT the old JJ old mountain NN mountain farm NN farm at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-83 |] The DT the farmhouse NN farmhouse is VBZ be still RB still standing NN standing and CC and is VBZ be used VVN use today NN today as IN as an DT an overnight JJ overnight accommodation NN accommodation for IN for those DT those who WP who want VVP want to TO to make VV make their PP$ their own JJ own arrangements NNS arrangement . SENT . [6-84 |] In IN in the DT the surrounding VVG surround pasture NN pasture area NN area , , , the DT the sites NNS site of IN of former JJ former dwellings NNS dwelling , , , stone NN stone fences NNS fence and CC and piles NNS pile of IN of cleared VVN clear stone NN stone tell VV tell the DT the tale NN tale of IN of hard JJ hard work NN work throughout IN throughout generations NNS generation . SENT . [6-85 |]

[6-86 |] Vatne NP is VBZ be nicely RB nicely located VVN locate on IN on the DT the dry JJ dry , , , sunny JJ sunny hillside NN hillside north NN north of IN of Refsvatn NP . SENT . [6-87 |] Here RB here , , , the DT the fields NNS field were VBD be larger JJR large and CC and the DT the topsoil NN topsoil deeper JJR deep than IN than at IN at Torsnes NP , , , the DT the other JJ other mountain NN mountain farm NN farm here RB here . SENT . [6-88 |] The DT the first JJ first one NN one to TO to have VH have used VVN use this DT this area NN area is VBZ be said VVN say to TO to have VH have been VBN be an DT an outlaw NN outlaw , , , but CC but it PP it was VBD be n't RB not until IN until the DT the 1800 CD @card@ 's VBZ be that IN that written JJ written sources NNS source recorded VVD record settlers NNS settler here RB here at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-89 |] Tollag NP Ellingson NP Ellingson from IN from Kalleli NP at IN at Lysefjord NP moved VVD move here RB here in IN in 1810 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-90 |] He PP he had VHD have six CD six children NNS child , , , but CC but two CD two or CC or three CD three of IN of the DT the children NNS child did VVD do n't RB not survive VV survive past JJ past childhood NN childhood . SENT . [6-91 |] In IN in 1875 CD @card@ , , , a DT a census NN census was VBD be taken VVN take at IN at Vatne NP . SENT . [6-92 |] the DT the following VVG follow persons NNS person were VBD be reported VVN report as IN as present NN present : : : Elling NP Elling Tollefsen NP Tollefsen , , , head NN head of IN of the DT the household NN household . SENT . [6-93 |] In IN in addition NN addition , , , his PP$ his wife NN wife , , , servant NN servant girl NN girl and CC and an DT an 80-year-old JJ indigent JJ indigent woman NN woman . SENT . [6-94 |] Jonas NP Jonas Aslaksen NP , , , head NN head of IN of the DT the household NN household . SENT . [6-95 |] In IN in addition NN addition , , , his PP$ his wife NN wife , , , son/errand NN boy NN boy Guttorm NN and CC and foster JJ foster daughter NN daughter Inger NP Inger . SENT . [6-96 |] The DT the following VVG follow livestock NN livestock were VBD be included VVN include in IN in the DT the census NN census : : : 8 CD 8 cows NNS cow , , , 128 CD @card@ sheep NN sheep , , , 35 CD @card@ goats NNS goat , , , 1 CD 1 pig NN pig . SENT . [6-97 |]

[6-98 |] The DT the trip NN trip to TO to Preikestolen NP requires VVZ require good JJ good footwear NN footwear ! SENT ! [6-99 |]

[6-100 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Preikestolen NP was VBD be marked VVN mark for IN for the DT the first JJ first time NN time in IN in 1921 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-101 |] It PP it was VBD be a DT a simple JJ simple path NN path , , , without IN without any DT any particular JJ particular improvements NNS improvement . SENT . [6-102 |] But CC but when WRB when the DT the automobile NN automobile road NN road was VBD be built VVN build to TO to the DT the Preikestol NP lodge VV lodge in IN in 1961 CD @card@ , , , there EX there was VBD be a DT a marked JJ marked increase NN increase in IN in traffic NN traffic out RP out to TO to Preikestolen NP . SENT . [6-103 |] The DT the numerous JJ numerous tourists NNS tourist left VVD leave scars NNS scar behind IN behind them PP them . SENT . [6-104 |] Wear VV wear and CC and tear VV tear on IN on the DT the moors NNS moor and CC and marshes NNS marsh was VBD be so RB so great JJ great that IN that it PP it became VVD become necessary JJ necessary to TO to blaze NN blaze a DT a completely RB completely new JJ new trail NN trail . SENT . [6-105 |] In IN in the DT the 1990 CD @card@ 's POS 's , , , public JJ public grants NNS grant helped VVD help to TO to start VV start construction NN construction of IN of a DT a large JJ large trail NN trail project NN project . SENT . [6-106 |] The DT the result NN result was VBD be a DT a route NN route that WDT that could MD could withstand VV withstand heavy JJ heavy pedestrian JJ pedestrian traffic NN traffic - : - and CC and that WDT that was VBD be at IN at the DT the same JJ same time NN time well RB well adapted VVD adapt to TO to the DT the fragile JJ fragile natural JJ natural surroundings NN surroundings . SENT . [6-107 |]

[6-108 |] The DT the hike NN hike from IN from the DT the parking NN parking lot NN lot and CC and out RB out to TO to the DT the Prekestol JJ plateau NN plateau itself PP itself is VBZ be only RB only 3.8 CD @card@ km NN long JJ long , , , but CC but still RB still takes VVZ take almost RB almost 2 CD 2 hours NNS hour each DT each way NN way . SENT . [6-109 |] The DT the trip NN trip entails VVZ entail an DT an altitude NN altitude difference NN difference of IN of 350 CD @card@ meters NNS metre , , , and CC and the DT the trail NN trail itself PP itself varies VVZ vary between IN between gravel NN gravel , , , stone NN stone and CC and scoured VVN scour mountain NN mountain rock NN rock . SENT . [6-110 |] The DT the stony JJ stony surface NN surface can MD can be VB be slippery JJ slippery in IN in rainy JJ rainy weather NN weather - : - so RB so it PP it is VBZ be best RB best to TO to walk VV walk cautiously RB cautiously . SENT . [6-111 |]

[6-112 |] From IN from Tjødnane NP , , , you PP you can MD can choose VV choose whether IN whether you PP you want VVP want to TO to follow VV follow the DT the traditional JJ traditional trail NN trail along IN along the DT the dizzying JJ dizzying precipice NN precipice high NN high above IN above Lysefjord NP , , , or CC or follow VV follow the DT the newly RB newly blazed VVN blaze trail NN trail up RP up to TO to the DT the plateau NN plateau above IN above Preikestolen NP itself PP itself . SENT . [6-113 |] These DT these two CD two alternatives NNS alternative can MD can be VB be done VVN do as IN as round NN round trips NNS trip . SENT . [6-114 |]

[6-115 |] The DT the weather NN weather may MD may change VV change abruptly RB abruptly , , , so RB so remember VVP remember to TO to bring VV bring rainwear NN rainwear , , , warm JJ warm clothing NN clothing , , , food NN food and CC and beverages NNS beverage in IN in your PP$ your rucksack NN rucksack . SENT . [6-116 |] It PP it is VBZ be not RB not possible JJ possible to TO to buy VV buy food NN food and CC and beverages NNS beverage along IN along the DT the way NN way , , , so RB so these DT these items NNS item must MD must be VB be brought VVN bring with IN with you PP you from IN from your PP$ your starting VVG start point NN point . SENT . [6-117 |]

[6-118 |] Enjoy VV enjoy the DT the view NN view out RP out over IN over Vatnegarden NP and CC and Prekestolhytta NP . SENT . [6-119 |]

[6-120 |] Take VV take a DT a rest NN rest break NN break when WRB when you PP you have VHP have climbed VVD climb to TO to the DT the top NN top of IN of the DT the first JJ first steep NN steep incline VV incline from IN from the DT the parking NN parking lot NN lot . SENT . [6-121 |] From IN from the DT the plateau NN plateau ( ( ( 350 CD @card@ masl NN ) ) ) , , , there EX there is VBZ be a DT a wonderful JJ wonderful panorama NN panorama out IN out over IN over Preikestolhytta NP and CC and the DT the former JJ former Vatne NP farm NN farm . SENT . [6-122 |] Previously RB previously , , , this DT this area NN area was VBD be so RB so sparsely RB sparsely wooded VVN wood that IN that the DT the farmer NN farmer at IN at Vatne NP cut NN cut peat NN peat from IN from the DT the moors NNS moor above IN above the DT the farm NN farm to TO to use VV use for IN for heating NN heating . SENT . [6-123] Today NN today this DT this is VBZ be not RB not necessary JJ necessary . SENT . [6-124 |] The DT the old JJ old farm NN farm landscape NN landscape is VBZ be beginning VVG begin to TO to become VV become overgrown VVN overgrow , , , and CC and it PP it is VBZ be becoming VVG become harder RBR hard to TO to find VV find many JJ many of IN of the DT the old JJ old moors NNS moor and CC and hayfields NNS . SENT . [6-125 |] Overgrowth NN overgrowth is VBZ be primarily RB primarily due JJ due to TO to the DT the fact NN fact that IN that there EX there are VBP be fewer JJR fewer grazing NN grazing livestock NN livestock and CC and little JJ little woodcutting NN woodcutting . SENT . [6-126 |] In IN in addition NN addition , , , precipitation NN precipitation brings VVZ bring with IN with it PP it a DT a number NN number of IN of chemicals NNS chemical that WDT that act VVP act as IN as natural JJ natural fertilizers NNS fertilizer . SENT . [6-127 |] Stavanger NP Stavanger Tourist NP Tourist Association NP Association owns VVZ own a DT a total NN total of IN of 32 000 JJ acres NNS acre of IN of this DT this beautiful JJ beautiful area NN area and CC and hopes VVZ hope that IN that many JJ many visitors NNS visitor will MD will make VV make use NN use of IN of this DT this outdoor JJ outdoor treasure NN treasure . SENT . [6-128 |] Here RB here you PP you can MD can do VV do exciting JJ exciting things NNS thing for IN for days NNS day on IN on end NN end : : : Swimming NN swimming , , , fishing NN fishing , , , rowing NN rowing , , , berry NN berry and CC and mushroom NN mushroom gathering NN gathering - : - not RB not to TO to mention VV mention hiking VVG hike the DT the other JJ other marked JJ marked trails NNS trail in IN in the DT the area NN area . SENT . [6-129 |] Try VV try it PP it yourself PP yourself ! SENT ! [6-130 |]

[6-131 |] The DT the landscape NN landscape is VBZ be shaped VVN shape by IN by glaciers NNS glacier . SENT . [6-132 |] The DT the road NN road from IN from Jøssang NP to TO to Preikestolhytta NP , , , at IN at its PP$ its highest JJS high point NN point , , , cuts NNS cut through IN through Vatnerinda NP . SENT . [6-133 |] Earlier RB earlier , , , people NNS people thought VVD think that IN that trolls NNS troll had VHD have deposited VVN deposit the DT the enormous JJ enormous stone NN stone ridges NNS ridge along IN along Vatnerinda NP and CC and further RB farther along IN along the DT the range NN range of IN of hills NNS hill surrounding VVG surround Refsvatn NP . SENT . [6-134 |] Today NN today we PP we know VVP know that IN that the DT the ridges NNS ridge were VBD be pushed VVN push up RP up as IN as lateral JJ lateral moraines NNS moraine of IN of the DT the Lysefjord NP glacier NN glacier about IN about 10 500 JJ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-135 |] Lysefjord NN was VBD be completely RB completely filled VVN fill with IN with ice NN ice at IN at the DT the time NN time , , , and CC and an DT an ice NN ice tongue NN tongue covered VVD cover the DT the area NN area where WRB where Refsvatnet NP and CC and Preikestol NP are VBP be located VVN locate today NN today . SENT . [6-136 |]

[6-137 |] The DT the Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier [6-138 |] The DT the map NN map shows VVZ show where WRB where the DT the edge NN edge of IN of Lysefjord NP Glacier NP Glacier was VBD be located VVN locate in IN in this DT this area NN area about IN about 10 500 JJ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-139 |] This DT this vantage NN vantage point NN point was VBD be in IN in the DT the middle NN middle of IN of the DT the glacial JJ glacial apron NN apron . SENT . [6-140 |] Preikestolhytta NP would MD would have VH have been VBN be barely RB barely covered VVN cover by IN by the DT the glacier NN glacier , , , while IN while the DT the automobile NN automobile road NN road up RB up from IN from Jøssang NP would MD would have VH have been VBN be located VVN locate just RB just outside IN outside the DT the edge NN edge of IN of the DT the ice NN ice . SENT . [6-141 |] Along IN along the DT the road NN road on IN on the DT the outer JJ outer side NN side of IN of the DT the lateral JJ lateral moraine NN moraine , , , melted VVD melt ice NN ice from IN from the DT the glacier NN glacier has VHZ have rinsed VVN rinse the DT the landscape NN landscape clean JJ clean of IN of loose JJ loose deposits NNS deposit , , , while IN while the DT the area NN area on IN on the DT the inner JJ inner side NN side is VBZ be generally RB generally rich JJ rich in IN in loose JJ loose deposits NNS deposit and CC and soil NN soil . SENT . [6-142 |] When WRB when these DT these lateral JJ lateral moraines NNS moraine were VBD be built VVN build up RP up , , , other JJ other moraines NNS moraine were VBD be formed VVN form along IN along the DT the entire JJ entire Norwegian JJ Norwegian coastline NN coastline from IN from Finnmark NP in IN in the DT the north NN north to TO to Østfold VV in IN in the DT the south NN south . SENT . [6-143 |] Moraines NNS moraine from IN from this DT this period NN period are VBP be often RB often called VVN call gravel NN gravel ridges NNS ridge . SENT . [6-144 |]

[6-145 |] The DT the moraine NN moraine ridges NNS ridge consist VVP consist of IN of giant JJ giant boulders NNS boulder [6-146 |] The DT the ice NN ice masses NNS mass in IN in a DT a glacier NN glacier flow NN flow plastically RB plastically , , , and CC and a DT a glacier NN glacier can MD can move VV move gravel NN gravel and CC and stones NNS stone . SENT . [6-147 |] Along IN along the DT the edge NN edge of IN of a DT a glacier NN glacier in IN in motion NN motion , , , lateral JJ lateral moraines NNS moraine will MD will be VB be built VVN build up RP up . SENT . [6-148 |] In IN in the DT the area NN area along IN along Lysefjord NP , , , the DT the lateral JJ lateral moraines NNS moraine are VBP be composed VVN compose of IN of many JJ many huge JJ huge blocks NNS block of IN of stone NN stone and CC and little JJ little fine JJ fine matter NN matter . SENT . [6-149 |] You PP you will MD will come VV come into IN into closer JJR close contact NN contact with IN with this DT this type NN type of IN of stone NN stone block NN block moraine NN moraine later RB later on IN on your PP$ your trek NN trek , , , but CC but you PP you can MD can also RB also take VV take a DT a closer JJR close look NN look at IN at it PP it by IN by taking VVG take a DT a short JJ short detour NN detour from IN from here RB here , , , a DT a hundred CD hundred meters NNS metre along IN along the DT the path NN path toward IN toward Moslifjell NP . SENT . [6-150 |] ( ( ( But CC but be VB be sure JJ sure to TO to come VV come back RB back to TO to this DT this starting VVG start point NN point if IN if you PP you plan VVP plan to TO to continue VV continue on IN on the DT the path NN path to TO to Preikestolen. NP ) ) ) [6-151 |]

[6-152 |] Crooked NP Crooked pine NN pine trees NNS tree [6-153 |]

[6-154 |] The DT the hiking VVG hike trail NN trail levels NNS level out RP out and CC and continues VVZ continue across IN across the DT the plateau NN plateau . SENT . [6-155 |] Here RB here , , , short JJ short and CC and stocky JJ stocky pine NN pine trees NNS tree grow VVP grow , , , resembling VVG resemble Japanese JJ Japanese bonsai NN bonsai plants NNS plant . SENT . [6-156 |] Pine NP Pine was VBD be one CD one of IN of the DT the types NNS type of IN of trees NNS tree that WDT that first RB first appeared VVD appear in IN in Norway NP Norway after IN after the DT the Ice NP Ice Age NP Age . SENT . [6-157 |] Pines NNS pine do VVP do well RB well in IN in gravelly JJ gravelly soil NN soil and CC and can MD can survive VV survive arid JJ arid conditions NNS condition reasonably RB reasonably well RB well . SENT . [6-158 |] Pines NNS pine normally RB normally grow VVP grow tall JJ tall and CC and luxuriant JJ luxuriant , , , provided VVD provided there EX there is VBZ be sufficient JJ sufficient nourishment NN nourishment in IN in the DT the soil NN soil . SENT . [6-159 |] The DT the bonsai NN bonsai variety NN variety is VBZ be an DT an indication NN indication of IN of poorer JJR poor growth NN growth conditions NNS condition . SENT . [6-160]

[6-161 |] Further RBR Further along RB along , , , tall JJ tall and CC and erect VV erect pine NN pine trees NNS tree rise VVP rise toward IN toward the DT the sky NN sky . SENT . [6-162 |] The DT the soil NN soil is VBZ be evidently RB evidently better RBR better here RB here . SENT . [6-163 |] Between IN between the DT the trees NNS tree you PP you can MD can glimpse VV glimpse the DT the promontory NN promontory at IN at Refsvatn NP , , , where WRB where the DT the abandoned VVN abandon mountain NN mountain farm NN farm of IN of Torsnes NP is VBZ be located VVN locate . SENT . [6-164 |]

[6-165 |] Tasty JJ tasty treats NNS treat from IN from the DT the forest NN forest and CC and mountains NNS mountain [6-166 |]

[6-167 |] During IN during late JJ late summer NN summer and CC and fall NN fall , , , you PP you can MD can find VV find ripe JJ ripe berries NNS berry along IN along the DT the hiking VVG hike trail NN trail . SENT . [6-168 |] Earlier RB earlier , , , people NNS people were VBD be eager JJ eager to TO to gather VV gather berries NNS berry for IN for making VVG make juice NN juice or CC or jam NN jam - : - now RB now too RB too many JJ many people NNS people simply RB simply pass VVP pass them PP them by IN by . SENT . [6-169 |] But CC but do VVP do take VV take a DT a little JJ little detour NN detour and CC and see VV see what WP what you PP you can MD can find VV find . SENT . [6-170 |] There EX There are VBP be many JJ many fine JJ fine flavors NNS flavour here RB here , , , for IN for both DT both desserts NNS dessert and CC and interesting JJ interesting main JJ main dishes NNS dish . SENT . [6-171 |]

[6-172 |] Blueberries NNS blueberry [6-173 |] Blueberries NNS blueberry are VBP be common JJ common throughout IN throughout the DT the area NN area . SENT . [6-174 |] they PP they are VBP be tasty JJ tasty - : - and CC and are VBP be known VVN know as IN as a DT a good JJ good stomach NN stomach regulator NN regulator . SENT . [6-175 |]

[6-176 |] Bog NN bog bilberries NNS bilberry , , , bog NN bog blueberries NNS blueberry , , , bog NN bog cranberries NNS cranberry [6-177 |] Bog NN bog bilberries NNS bilberry are VBP be also RB also blue JJ blue on IN on the DT the outside JJ outside , , , but CC but they PP they differ VVP differ from IN from blueberries NNS blueberry in IN in that WDT that they PP they are VBP be faintly RB faintly greenish JJ greenish inside NN inside . SENT . [6-178 |] Bilberries NNS bilberry are VBP be often RB often left VVN leave behind IN behind when WRB when blueberry NN blueberry pickers NNS picker have VHP have gone VVN go home NN home . SENT . [6-179 |] This DT this is VBZ be unfortunate JJ unfortunate . SENT . [6-180 |] Because IN because the DT the berries NNS berry are VBP be tasty JJ tasty - : - and CC and they PP they contain VVP contain more JJR more than IN than three CD three times NNS time as IN as much JJ much vitamin NN vitamin C NP C as IN as blueberries NNS blueberry . SENT . [6-181 |] Make VV make a DT a fruit NN fruit soup NN soup from IN from bilberries NNS bilberry . SENT . [6-182 |] They PP they have VHP have a DT a mild JJ mild , , , pleasant JJ pleasant taste NN taste that WDT that resembles VVZ resemble gooseberries NNS gooseberry . SENT . [6-183 |]

[6-184 |] View NN view toward IN toward Stavanger NP Stavanger and CC and Boknafjorden NP [6-185 |]

[6-186 |] After IN after an DT an uphill JJ uphill incline VV incline through IN through wooded JJ wooded and CC and stony JJ stony terrain NN terrane , , , the DT the next JJ next lookout NN lookout point NN point is VBZ be reached VVN reach , , , 420 CD @card@ meters NNS metre above IN above sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-187 |] From IN from here RB here , , , on IN on a DT a clear JJ clear day NN day , , , we PP we can MD can see VV see large JJ large portions NNS portion of IN of Boknafjord NP and CC and the DT the city NN city of IN of Stavanger NP Stavanger farthest RB farthest to TO to the DT the left NN left - : - 25 CD @card@ kilometers NNS kilometre away RB away . SENT . [6-188 |] In IN in the DT the middle NN middle of IN of the DT the fjord NN fjord are VBP be the DT the islands NNS island of IN of Bru NP Bru , , , Mosterøy NP and CC and Rennesøy NP . SENT . [6-189 |] On IN on the DT the mainland NN mainland to TO to the DT the right NN right , , , we PP we see VVP see a DT a little JJ little of IN of the DT the city NN city of IN of Jørpeland NP . SENT . [6-190 |] If IN if you PP you want VVP want to TO to see VV see even RB even more JJR more , , , you PP you should MD should go VV go the DT the summit NN summit of IN of Husfjell NP just RB just to TO to the DT the south NN south of IN of where WRB where you PP you are VBP be standing VVG stand . SENT . [6-191 |]

[6-192 |] The DT the forest NN forest has VHZ have begun VVN begin to TO to thin JJ thin out RP out - : - and CC and the DT the mountain NN mountain birch NN birch has VHZ have begun VVN begin to TO to take VV take over RP over . SENT . [6-193 |] The DT the tree NN tree line NN line in IN in this DT this part NN part of IN of Norway NP Norway runs VVZ run at IN at about RB about 600 CD @card@ meters NNS metre . SENT . [6-194] Farther RBR farther inland RB inland , , , the DT the tree NN tree line NN line is VBZ be higher JJR high ; : ; in IN in Eastern NP Eastern Norway NP Norway it PP it can MD can extend VV extend as RB as far RB far up RB up as IN as 1200 CD @card@ meters NNS metre . SENT . [6-195 |] In IN in Norway NP Norway it PP it is VBZ be birch JJ birch that WDT that grows VVZ grow highest JJS high up RP up in IN in the DT the mountains NNS mountain . SENT . [6-196 |] During IN during recent JJ recent years NNS year , , , it PP it appears VVZ appear that IN that the DT the tree NN tree line NN line is VBZ be slowly RB slowly ascending VVG ascend , , , probably RB probably because IN because of IN of the DT the milder JJR mild climate NN climate . SENT . [6-197 |] Less JJR Less livestock NN livestock grazing NN grazing and CC and reduced JJ reduced lumbering NN lumbering also RB also contributes VVZ contribute to TO to the DT the landscape NN landscape growing VVG grow over RP over . SENT . [6-198 |] During IN during the DT the course NN course of IN of recent JJ recent years NNS year , , , we PP we have VHP have seen VVN see great JJ great changes NNS change . SENT . [6-199 |]

[6-200 |] Moslifjell NN Crossroads NNS crossroad [6-201 |] From IN from here RB here , , , there EX there is VBZ be a DT a nice JJ nice round-trip NN round-trip up RB up to TO to the DT the summit NN summit of IN of Moslifjell NP ( ( ( 718 CD @card@ masl NN ) ) ) . SENT . [6-202 |] This DT this is VBZ be a DT a good JJ good alternative NN alternative for IN for those DT those of IN of you PP you who WP who do VVP do n't RB not want VV want to TO to return VV return by IN by the DT the same JJ same route NN route from IN from Preikestolen NP - : - and CC and who WP who still RB still have VHP have the DT the remaining JJ remaining energy NN energy . SENT . [6-203 |] The DT the trip NN trip goes VVZ go through IN through woods NNS wood first JJ first , , , until IN until you PP you come VVP come up RP up into IN into gorgeous JJ gorgeous , , , open JJ open alpine JJ alpine terrain NN terrane with IN with a DT a view NN view in IN in all DT all directions NNS direction . SENT . [6-204 |] The DT the Mosli NP trail NN trail merges VVZ merge with IN with the DT the Preikestol NP trail NN trail again RB again at IN at the DT the first JJ first vantage NN vantage point NN point . SENT . [6-205 |] The DT the trip NN trip has VHZ have a DT a difference NN difference in IN in altitude NN altitude of IN of 300 CD @card@ meters NNS metre - : - and CC and takes VVZ take approx NN . SENT . 2 CD 2 extra JJ extra hours NNS hour . SENT . [6-206 |]

[6-207 |] Moose NP Moose , , , red JJ red deer NN deer and CC and roe NN roe deer NN deer are VBP be found VVN find here RB here . SENT . [6-208 |] Inside IN Inside this DT this area NN area , , , you PP you may MD may be VB be lucky JJ lucky enough RB enough to TO to encounter VV encounter the DT the three CD three types NNS type of IN of deer NN deer species NNS specie that WDT that live VVP live here RB here : : : moose NN moose , , , red JJ red deer NN deer and CC and roe NN roe deer NN deer . SENT . [6-209 |] Along IN along the DT the Preikestol NP path NN path , , , there EX there are VBP be so RB so many JJ many people NNS people , , , as IN as a DT a rule NN rule , , , that IN that the DT the deer NN deer shy VV shy away RB away . SENT . [6-210 |] But CC but on IN on the DT the trip NN trip to TO to Moslifjell NP , , , if IN if you PP you take VVP take a DT a little JJ little detour NN detour on IN on your PP$ your own JJ own , , , you PP you can MD can get VV get closer RBR closer to TO to the DT the natural JJ natural surroundings NN surroundings and CC and fauna NNS fauna . SENT . [6-211 |] Even RB Even if IN if you PP you do VVP do n't RB not find VV find live JJ live animals NNS animal , , , there EX there are VBP be often RB often traces NNS trace of IN of them PP them to TO to be VB be seen VVN see . SENT . [6-212 |]

[6-213 |] The DT the Krogebekk NP Moor NP Moor [6-214 |]

[6-215 |] Large JJ large portions NNS portion of IN of Norway NP Norway have VHP have been VBN be covered VVN cover with IN with moorland NN moorland . SENT . [6-216 |] We PP we find VVP find moors NNS moor in IN in hollows NNS hollow with IN with abundant JJ abundant precipitation NN precipitation . SENT . [6-217 |] Dead JJ dead vegetation NN vegetation is VBZ be not RB not fully RB fully broken VVN break down RP down because IN because the DT the soil NN soil is VBZ be continually RB continually waterlogged JJ waterlogged and CC and oxygen NN oxygen is VBZ be unable JJ unable to TO to contribute VV contribute to TO to normal JJ normal decomposition NN decomposition . SENT . [6-218 |] The DT the incomplete JJ incomplete decay NN decay produces VVZ produce a DT a gas NN gas that WDT that has VHZ have a DT a slightly RB slightly sour JJ sour odor NN odour . SENT . [6-219 |] This DT this results NNS result in IN in the DT the characteristic NN characteristic - : - and CC and quite RB quite pleasant JJ pleasant - : - odor NN odour of IN of peat NN peat . SENT . [6-220 |] Just RB just beneath IN beneath the DT the upper JJ upper ground NN ground cover NN cover , , , there EX there is VBZ be a DT a black JJ black layer NN layer of IN of peat NN peat slush NN slush composed VVN compose of IN of the DT the non-decomposed VVN plant NN plant debris NN debris . SENT . [6-221 |] The DT the peat NN peat slush NN slush is VBZ be completely RB completely organic JJ organic - : - free JJ free of IN of sand NN sand and CC and stone NN stone that WDT that would MD would normally RB normally be VB be found VVN find in IN in other JJ other types NNS type of IN of soil NN soil beneath IN beneath plants NNS plant . SENT . [6-222 |] On IN on moors NNS moor , , , we PP we find VVP find the DT the various JJ various types NNS type of IN of plants NNS plant that WDT that have VHP have adapted VVN adapt to TO to life NN life in IN in a DT a waterlogged JJ waterlogged environment NN environment . SENT . [6-223 |] Footpaths NNS footpath across IN across moors NNS moor have VHP have a DT a tendency NN tendency to TO to widen VV widen ; : ; most JJS most people NNS people do VVP do night RB night like VV like to TO to walk VV walk in IN in marshy JJ marshy peat NN peat . SENT . [6-224 |] We PP we walk VVP walk beside IN beside the DT the slush NN slush , , , and CC and soon RB soon the DT the path NN path becomes VVZ become several JJ several meters NNS metre wide JJ wide . SENT . [6-225 |] Across IN across the DT the Krogebekk NP Moor NP Moor , , , therefore RB therefore , , , a DT a walkway NN walkway has VHZ have been VBN be built VVN build in IN in order NN order to TO to prevent VV prevent wear VV wear and CC and tear VV tear and CC and to TO to make VV make the DT the crossing VVG cross easier RBR easy for IN for hikers NNS hiker . SENT . [6-226 |] " `` " Corduroy NN corduroy bridges NNS bridge " '' " like IN like this DT this one CD one are VBP be built VVN build on IN on traditions NNS tradition that WDT that are VBP be many JJ many centuries NNS century old JJ old . SENT . [6-227 |]

[6-228 |] Dwarf VV dwarf Birch NP Birch [6-229 |] Dwarf NN dwarf birch NN birch is VBZ be a DT a small JJ small , , , low-lying JJ low-lie shrub NN shrub that WDT that thrives VVZ thrive in IN in arid JJ arid soil NN soil . SENT . [6-230 |] It PP it has VHZ have small JJ small rounded JJ rounded leaves NNS leaf that WDT that become VVP become an DT an intense JJ intense and CC and beautiful JJ beautiful yellowish-red NN during IN during the DT the fall NN fall season NN season . SENT . [6-231 |]

[6-232 |] Frogs NNS frog [6-233 |] Frogs NNS frog live VVP live in IN in moors NNS moor . SENT . [6-234 |] During IN during mating NN mating season NN season , , , you PP you will MD will hear VV hear the DT the males NNS male attracting VVG attract the DT the females NNS female with IN with croaking VVG croak noises NNS noise . SENT . [6-235 |] The DT the females NNS female lay VVD lie several JJ several hundred CD hundred eggs NNS egg in IN in shallow JJ shallow water NN water . SENT . [6-236 |] The DT the eggs NNS egg hatch VV hatch tadpoles NNS tadpole , , , which WDT which later RB later develop VVP develop into IN into frogs NNS frog . SENT . [6-237 |] The DT the most RBS most important JJ important source NN source of IN of food NN food is VBZ be insects NNS insect and CC and snails NNS snail . SENT . [6-238 |]

[6-239 |] Dragonflies NNS dragonfly [6-240 |] Dragonflies NNS dragonfly are VBP be among IN amongst the DT the most RBS most colorful JJ colorful insects NNS insect and CC and are VBP be easily RB easily noticed VVN notice . SENT . [6-241 |] They PP they are VBP be built VVN build for IN for stunt NN stunt flying VVG fly . SENT . [6-242 |] The DT the wings NNS wing are VBP be attached VVN attach at IN at to TO to a DT a breast NN breast that WDT that is VBZ be chockfull JJ chockfull of IN of muscles NNS muscle , , , and CC and their PP$ their large JJ large , , , colorfully RB colorfully faceted VVD facet eyes NNS eye provide VV provide them PP them with IN with a DT a perfect JJ perfect overview NN overview of IN of their PP$ their surroundings NN surroundings . SENT . [6-243 |] They PP they are VBP be hunters NNS hunter that WDT that feed VVP feed on IN on flies NNS fly and CC and small JJ small butterflies NNS butterfly . SENT . [6-245 |] Bog NN bog Asphodel NN asphodel [6-246 |] Bog NN bog Asphodel NN asphodel is VBZ be a DT a small JJ small lily NN lily that WDT that adds VVZ add color NN colour to TO to the DT the moors NNS moor . SENT . [6-247 |] When WRB when it PP it blooms VVZ bloom , , , it PP it turns VVZ turn the DT the moors NNS moor golden JJ golden , , , but CC but as IN as the DT the fruit NN fruit ripens VVZ ripen , , , it PP it turns VVZ turn reddish JJ reddish green NN green . SENT . [6-248 |] the DT the stems VVZ stem and CC and leaves VVZ leave turn RB turn gray JJ grey gradually RB gradually , , , and CC and in IN in the DT the winter NN winter , , , there EX there is VBZ be a DT a grayish JJ greyish troll-like JJ ambience NN ambience on IN on the DT the asphodel-covered VVN moors NNS moor . SENT . [6-249 |] The DT the plant NN plant contains VVZ contain a DT a toxin NN toxin that WDT that causes VVZ cause alveld NN , , , a DT a skin NN skin disease NN disease in IN in sheep NN sheep . SENT . [6-250 |]

[6-251 |] Sundew NN sundew [6-252 |] This DT this beautiful JJ beautiful moor NN moor plant NN plant is VBZ be actually RB actually a DT a meat-eater NN . SENT . [6-253 |] The DT the sundew NN sundew 's VBZ be beautiful JJ beautiful , , , deep JJ deep red JJ red and CC and shiny JJ shiny color NN colour appears VVZ appear to TO to attract VV attract many JJ many insects NNS insect . SENT . [6-254 |] The DT the dew NN dew droplets NNS droplet in IN in the DT the recesses NNS recess of IN of the DT the leaves NNS leaf look VVP look like IN like water NN water , , , but CC but insects NNS insect that IN that land NN land on IN on the DT the plant NN plant adhere VV adhere to TO to the DT the surface NN surface and CC and are VBP be slowly RB slowly suffocated VVN suffocate . SENT . [6-255 |] Sundews NNS sundew absorb VVP absorb the DT the nutrients NNS nutrient in IN in insects NNS insect in IN in order NN order to TO to obtain VV obtain the DT the nitrogen NN nitrogen they PP they need VVP need . SENT . [6-256 |]

[6-257 |] Cotton NP Cotton Grass NP Grass [6-258 |] Bog NN bog cotton NN cotton grass NN grass is VBZ be often RB often abundant JJ abundant on IN on moors NNS moor . SENT . [6-259 |] The DT the white JJ white " `` " wool NN wool " '' " is VBZ be not RB not a DT a flower NN flower , , , but CC but rather RB rather bristles VVZ bristle that RB that serve VV serve as IN as a DT a flying VVG fly aid NN aid for IN for the DT the seeds NNS seed , , , so RB so that IN that they PP they will MD will be VB be spread VVN spread far RB far away RB away from IN from the DT the mother NN mother plant NN plant . SENT . [6-260 |] " `` " The DT the wool NN wool " `` " has VHZ have been VBN be used VVN use to TO to stuff NN stuff pillows NNS pillow . SENT . [6-261 |] There EX There are VBP be 8 CD 8 different JJ different species NNS specie of IN of cotton NN cotton grass NN grass in IN in Norway NP Norway . SENT . [6-262 |] Cotton NN cotton grass NN grass is VBZ be found VVN find in IN in great JJ great quantities NNS quantity on IN on moors NNS moor with IN with acid JJ acid peat NN peat . SENT . [6-263 |]

[6-264 |] The DT the rocky JJ rocky hillside NN hillside up IN up Neverdal JJ Gorge NN gorge [6-265 |]

[6-266 |] The DT the rocky JJ rocky mountainside NN mountainside was VBD be formed VVN form by IN by the DT the Lysefjord NP glacier NN glacier . SENT . [6-267 |] This DT this expansive JJ expansive talus NN talus is VBZ be part NN part of IN of the DT the large JJ large lateral JJ lateral moraine NN moraine that WDT that was VBD be formed VVN form by IN by glaciers NNS glacier about IN about 10 500 JJ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-268 |] Many JJ Many other JJ other places NNS place in IN in the DT the mountains NNS mountain of IN of Rogaland NP - : - as RB as elsewhere RB elsewhere in IN in Norway NP Norway - : - there EX there are VBP be also RB also large JJ large talus NN talus deposits NNS deposit , , , but CC but many JJ many of IN of these DT these were VBD be created VVN create after IN after the DT the Ice NP Ice Ages NPS Ages , , , when WRB when mountain NN mountain rock NN rock became VVD become frozen VVN freeze and CC and fragmented VVN fragment out RP out of IN of the DT the steep JJ steep mountainsides NNS mountainside . SENT . [6-269 |] One PP One is VBZ be able JJ able to TO to see VV see traces NNS trace of IN of this DT this on IN on the DT the mountainside NN mountainside where WRB where the DT the talus NN talus stones NNS stone came VVD come from IN from . SENT . [6-270 |] Such JJ such talus NN talus formations NNS formation also RB also occur VVP occur today NN today . SENT . [6-271 |] Skorpelav JJ [6-272 |] Naked JJ naked mountain NN mountain rocks NNS rock and CC and boulders NNS boulder are VBP be not RB not as RB as barren JJ barren as IN as one PP one might MD might first RB first believe VV believe . SENT . [6-273 |] Upon IN upon closer JJR close inspection NN inspection , , , one PP one will MD will see VV see that IN that mountain NN mountain walls NNS wall and CC and stones NNS stone have VHP have a DT a special JJ special plant NN plant life NN life of IN of their PP$ their own JJ own . SENT . [6-274 |] Skorpelav NP grows VVZ grow in IN in a DT a thin JJ thin layer NN layer on IN on rock NN rock surfaces VVZ surface . SENT . [6-275 |] Most JJS most of IN of these DT these are VBP be a DT a part NN part , , , so RB so to TO to speak VV speak , , , of IN of the DT the mountain NN mountain they PP they are VBP be attached VVN attach to TO to . SENT . [6-276 |] With IN with the DT the help NN help of IN of chemical NN chemical agents NNS agent , , , the DT the surface NN surface of IN of the DT the stone NN stone is VBZ be slightly RB slightly dissolved VVN dissolve so RB so that IN that the DT the plant NN plant can MD can set VV set root NN root . SENT . [6-277 |] There EX There are VBP be hundreds NNS hundred of IN of species NNS specie . SENT . [6-278 |] Many JJ Many of IN of them PP them are VBP be just RB just as RB as gray JJ grey as IN as the DT the stone NN stone they PP they grow VVP grow on IN on ; : ; others NNS other are VBP be easy JJ easy to TO to see VV see . SENT . [6-279 |] Water NN water is VBZ be scarce JJ scarce ; : ; it PP it runs VVZ run off RP off the DT the smooth JJ smooth stony JJ stony surfaces VVZ surface as RB as soon RB soon as IN as the DT the rain NN rain stops VVZ stop . SENT . [6-280 |] Skorpelav NP therefore RB therefore grows VVZ grow slowly RB slowly , , , often RB often no RB no more JJR more than IN than 0.1 CD @card@ mm NN per IN per year NN year . SENT . [6-281 |] So RB So if IN if you PP you find VVP find a DT a large JJ large skorpelav NN , , , it PP it may MD may be VB be several JJ several hundred CD hundred or CC or maybe RB maybe even RB even a DT a thousand CD thousand years NNS year old JJ old . SENT . [6-282 |]

[6-283 |] Abandoned VVN abandon mountain NN mountain farms NNS farm [6-284 |]

[6-285 |] Here RB here in IN in the DT the Neverdal JJ Gorge NN gorge ( ( ( 540 CD @card@ masl NN ) ) ) , , , you PP you will MD will catch VV catch your PP$ your first JJ first glimpse NN glimpse of IN of Lysefjord NP and CC and the DT the Lyse NP Lyse uplands NNS upland . SENT . [6-286 |] The DT the fork VV fork for IN for the DT the path NN path along IN along the DT the northern JJ northern side NN side of IN of Lysefjord NP to TO to Bratteli NP and CC and further JJR further on IN on all PDT all the DT the way NN way to TO to Lysebotn NP is VBZ be here RB here . SENT . [6-287 |]

[6-288 |] The DT the trail NN trail to TO to Preikestolen NP meanders VVZ meander on IN on a DT a good JJ good gravel NN gravel surface NN surface through IN through the DT the talus NN talus . SENT . [6-289 |] The DT the many JJ many large JJ large boulders NNS boulder were VBD be deposited VVN deposit here RB here by IN by the DT the Lysefjord NP glacier NN glacier about IN about 10 500 JJ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-290 |] During IN during the DT the fall NN fall , , , the DT the dry JJ dry hillsides NNS hillside around RB around here RB here are VBP be turned VVN turn red JJ red by IN by the DT the bearberry NN bearberry and CC and bilberry NN bilberry shrubs NNS shrub . SENT . [6-291 |]

[6-292 |] Farming VVG farm on IN on mountain NN mountain ledges NNS ledge [6-293 |] Lysefjord NP provides VVZ provide meager JJ meagre opportunities NNS opportunity for IN for farming NN farming . SENT . [6-294 |] Still RB still , , , people NNS people have VHP have managed VVN manage to TO to carve VV carve out RP out an DT an existence NN existence on IN on the DT the green JJ green patches NNS patch on IN on the DT the mountainsides NNS mountainside and CC and have VHP have succeeded VVN succeed in IN in surviving VVG survive on IN on small JJ small farms NNS farm . SENT . [6-295 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain also RB also provided VVD provided supplementary JJ supplementary resources NNS resource through IN through hunting NN hunting and CC and fishing NN fishing . SENT . [6-296 |] In IN in Neverdal NP there EX there was VBD be once RB once such JJ such a DT a place NN place . SENT . [6-297 |] Even RB Even today NN today , , , one PP one can MD can find VV find the DT the remains NNS remain of IN of buildings NNS building that WDT that stood VVD stand here RB here , , , but CC but the DT the place NN place was VBD be depopulated VVN depopulate already RB already before IN before 1900 CD @card@ . SENT . [6-298 |] The DT the name NN name comes VVZ come from IN from sheaves NNS sheaf of IN of birch JJ birch branches NNS branch that WDT that were VBD be used VVN use to TO to thatch VV thatch roofs NNS roof . SENT . [6-299 |] If IN if you PP you follow VVP follow the DT the path NN path on IN on along IN along Lysefjord NP , , , you PP you will MD will find VV find abandoned VVN abandon mountain NN mountain farms NNS farm at IN at both DT both Hengjane NP and CC and Bratteli NP . SENT . [6-300 |] The DT the Hengjane NP farm NN farm is VBZ be located VVN locate just RB just behind IN behind Hengjanenibbå NP , , , which WDT which plunges VVZ plunge steeply RB steeply down RB down into IN into Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-301 |] In IN in the DT the 1600 CD @card@ 's POS 's , , , Hengjane NP was VBD be a DT a mountain NN mountain pasture NN pasture holding NN holding of IN of the DT the Bratteli NP farm NN farm . SENT . [6-302 |]

[6-303 |] In IN in the DT the mountain NN mountain forest NN forest [6-304 |]

[6-305 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain forest NN forest is VBZ be the DT the last JJ last bastion NN bastion of IN of shelter NN shelter against IN against the DT the open JJ open mountains NNS mountain . SENT . [6-306 |] It PP it is VBZ be primarily RB primarily mountain NN mountain birch NN birch and CC and a DT a few JJ few rowan NN rowan trees NNS tree that WDT that grow VVP grow here RB here . SENT . [6-307] Mountain NN mountain birch NN birch is VBZ be often RB often misformed VVN by IN by heavy JJ heavy snows NNS snow , , , making VVG make it PP it gnarled JJ gnarled and CC and crooked JJ crooked . SENT . [6-308 |] But CC but it PP it remains VVZ remain unbroken JJ unbroken and CC and resists VVZ resist until IN until it PP it becomes VVZ become arched JJ arched . SENT . [6-309 |] The DT the twisted JJ twisted mountain NN mountain birch NN birch trees NNS tree have VHP have provided VVN provided inspiration NN inspiration for IN for many JJ many a DT a local JJ local artist NN artist . SENT . [6-310 |] At IN at cabins NNS cabin around IN around the DT the area NN area , , , many JJ many strange JJ strange figures NNS figure have VHP have been VBN be made VVN make from IN from mountain NN mountain birch NN birch . SENT . [6-311 |] Burls NNS burl were VBD be once RB once popular JJ popular for IN for making VVG make dishes NNS dish and CC and bowls VVZ bowl . SENT . [6-312 |] If IN if you PP you study VVP study the DT the trunk NN trunk of IN of a DT a mountain NN mountain birch NN birch tree NN tree more RBR more closely RB closely , , , you PP you will MD will see VV see that DT that many JJ many different JJ different species NNS specie grow VVP grow low JJ low on IN on the DT the branches NNS branch . SENT . [6-313 |] The DT the bark NN bark on IN on the DT the lower JJR low portion NN portion of IN of the DT the trunk NN trunk is VBZ be often RB often bare JJ bare , , , an DT an indication NN indication of IN of how WRB how high JJ high the DT the snow NN snow reached VVN reach during IN during the DT the winter NN winter . SENT . [6-314 |]

[6-315 |] Have VH have a DT a swim VVP swim in IN in Tjøndane NP [6-316 |]

[6-317 |] Norway NP Norway is VBZ be rich JJ rich in IN in lakes NNS lake [6-318 |] Here RB here there EX there are VBP be hundreds NNS hundred of IN of thousands NNS thousand of IN of large JJ large , , , medium-sized JJ medium-size and CC and small JJ small waters NNS water , , , lakes NNS lake and CC and ponds NNS pond . SENT . [6-319 |] They PP they are VBP be due JJ due to TO to the DT the glaciers NNS glacier ' POS ' hard RB hard handed VVN hand dredging VVG dredge and CC and erosion NN erosion of IN of the DT the mountain NN mountain rock NN rock over IN over hundreds NNS hundred of IN of thousands NNS thousand of IN of years NNS year . SENT . [6-320 |] Such JJ such uneven JJ uneven and CC and rugged JJ rugged stony JJ stony surfaces NNS surface are VBP be found VVN find only RB only in IN in countries NNS country that WDT that have VHP have experienced VVN experience the DT the ice NN ice ages NNS age . SENT . [6-321 |] Western NP Western Norway NP Norway 's POS 's abundant JJ abundant rainfall NN rainfall all DT all year NN year long RB long ensures VVZ ensure that IN that the DT the lakes NNS lake never RB never run VVP run dry JJ dry . SENT . [6-322 |]

[6-323 |] During IN during the DT the summertime NN summertime , , , the DT the temperature NN temperature in IN in shallow JJ shallow lakes NNS lake like IN like these DT these quickly RB quickly rise NN rise to TO to bathing VVG bath temperature NN temperature ; : ; the DT the sun NN sun warms VVZ warm both PDT both the DT the water NN water and CC and the DT the terrain NN terrane around IN around it PP it . SENT . [6-324 |] There EX There is VBZ be little JJ little chance NN chance that IN that you PP you will MD will disturb VV disturb the DT the fish NN fish in IN in these DT these lakes NNS lake ; : ; they PP they lack VVP lack spawning VVG spawn streams NNS stream , , , and CC and besides IN besides this DT this , , , the DT the water NN water has VHZ have a DT a low JJ low pH NN pH factor NN factor due JJ due to TO to acidic JJ acidic rocky JJ rocky soil NN soil and CC and acid NN acid rain NN rain . SENT . [6-325 |]

[6-326 |] Most JJS most water NN water in IN in natural JJ natural water NN water courses NNS course in IN in Norway NP Norway is VBZ be potable JJ potable , , , provided VVD provided there EX there is VBZ be a DT a moving VVG move stream NN stream in IN in the DT the water NN water and CC and it PP it appears VVZ appear clear JJ clear and CC and clean JJ clean . SENT . [6-327 |]

[6-328 |] Bedrock NN bedrock [6-329 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain terrain NN terrane you PP you walk VVP walk on IN on during IN during your PP$ your hike NN hike to TO to Preikestolen NP is VBZ be part NN part of IN of the DT the Norwegian JJ Norwegian mountain NN mountain bedrock NN bedrock . SENT . [6-330 |] It PP it consists VVZ consist of IN of acidic JJ acidic granite NN granite and CC and gneiss NN gneiss that WDT that was VBD be formed VVN form several JJ several kilometers NNS kilometre under IN under the DT the crust NN crust of IN of the DT the earth NN earth about IN about a DT a billion CD billion years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-331 |] Over IN over millions NNS million of IN of years NNS year , , , the DT the ground NN ground that WDT that lay VVD lie over IN over today NN today 's POS 's surface NN surface was VBD be worn VVN wear down RP down and CC and removed VVN remove by IN by eroding VVG erode forces NNS force , , , such JJ such as IN as water NN water , , , wind NN wind , , , chemical NN chemical breakup NN breakup and CC and , , , of IN of course NN course , , , glaciers NNS glacier . SENT . [6-332 |]

[6-333 |] Crossroads NNS crossroad [6-334 |] 2 CD 2 trails NNS trail leading VVG lead to TO to Preikestolen VV [6-335 |] The DT the trail NN trail branches NNS branch off RB off in IN in two CD two directions NNS direction . SENT . [6-336 |] You PP you may MD may either RB either follow VV follow the DT the path NN path to TO to the DT the left NN left and CC and approach NN approach Preikestolen NN along IN along the DT the mountain NN mountain ledge NN ledge . SENT . [6-337 |] Here RB here portions NNS portion of IN of the DT the trail NN trail are VBP be secured VVN secure by IN by wooden JJ wooden bridges NNS bridge . SENT . [6-338 |] You PP you can MD can also RB also bear VV bear to TO to the DT the right NN right at IN at a DT a newly RB newly constructed VVN construct path NN path and CC and approach NN approach Preikestolen NN over IN over the DT the Neverdal JJ mountain NN mountain . SENT . [6-339 |] You PP you will MD will then RB then ascend VV ascend to TO to 645 CD @card@ meters NNS metre in IN in altitude NN altitude . SENT . [6-340 |] If IN if you PP you wish VVP wish , , , you PP you can MD can take VV take the DT the other JJ other trail NN trail back RB back , , , so RB so that IN that it PP it will MD will be VB be a DT a round NN round trip NN trip . SENT . [6-341 |] We PP we have VHP have described VVN describe the DT the traditional JJ traditional , , , left-side JJ trip NN trip here RB here . SENT . [6-342 |]

[6-343 |] At IN at the DT the bridges NNS bridge [6-344 |]

[6-345 |] At IN at the DT the safety NN safety bridges NNS bridge , , , the DT the mountain NN mountain plunges VVZ plunge steeply RB steeply down RB down into IN into fertile JJ fertile Neverdal NP . SENT . [6-346 |]

[6-347 |] Pine NP Pine forests NNS forest and CC and sawmills NNS sawmill [6-348 |] It PP it was VBD be probably RB probably the DT the stands NNS stand of IN of pine NN pine that WDT that were VBD be the DT the economic JJ economic basis NN basis for IN for most JJS most of IN of the DT the farms NNS farm along IN along Lysefjord NP , , , at IN at least JJS least from IN from the DT the 1500 CD @card@ 's VBZ be onward RB onward . SENT . [6-349 |] The DT the forest NN forest had VHD have grown VVN grow tall JJ tall throughout IN throughout the DT the centuries NNS century following VVG follow the DT the Black NP Black Plague VV plague . SENT . [6-350 |] Sawmills NNS sawmill were VBD be built VVN build along IN along the DT the waterfalls NNS waterfall . SENT . [6-351 |] From IN from the DT the 1600 CD @card@ 's POS 's , , , the DT the pine NN pine lumber NN lumber from IN from Lysefjord NP also RB also became VVD become an DT an important JJ important export NN export product NN product to TO to countries NNS country in IN in Europe NP Europe , , , where WRB where increased JJ increased shipbuilding NN shipbuilding demanded VVD demand good JJ good raw JJ raw materials NNS material . SENT . [6-352 |] Several JJ several slipways NNS slipway were VBD be also RB also constructed VVN construct at IN at Lysebotn NP , , , Håheller NP and CC and Viga NP . SENT . [6-353 |] The DT the Lysefjord NP pine NN pine was VBD be tall JJ tall and CC and had VHD have high-grade JJ high-grade and CC and dense JJ dense fiber NN fibre tissue NN toilet , , , making VVG make it PP it well RB well suited VVN suit for IN for ship NN ship masts NNS mast . SENT . [6-354 |]

[6-355 |] The DT the mountain NN mountain ledge NN ledge along IN along the DT the fjord NN fjord [6-356 |]

[6-357 |] Suddenly RB suddenly you PP you have VHP have Lysefjord NN just RB just below IN below you PP you . SENT . [6-358 |] The DT the last JJ last portion NN portion of IN of the DT the trip NN trip goes VVZ go across IN across a DT a narrow JJ narrow mountain NN mountain ledge NN ledge 600 CD @card@ meters NNS metre above IN above the DT the fjord NN fjord . SENT . [6-359 |] Be VB be careful JJ careful . SENT . [6-360 |] Preikestolen NP 's POS 's plateau NN plateau is VBZ be approx JJ . SENT . 25 CD @card@ meters NNS metre x SYM x 25 CD @card@ meters NNS metre , , , and CC and it PP it hangs VVZ hang 604 CD @card@ meters NNS metre above IN above Lysefjord NP . SENT . [6-361 |] It PP it got VVD get its PP$ its name NN name when WRB when people NNS people from IN from Stavanger NP Stavanger discovered VVD discover this DT this distinctive JJ distinctive mountain NN mountain formation NN formation almost RB almost 100 CD @card@ years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-362 |] Locally RB locally , , , it PP it has VHZ have been VBN be known VVN know by IN by the DT the descriptive JJ descriptive name NN name " `` " Hyvlatonna NP " '' " - : - because IN because it PP it resembled VVD resemble the DT the form NN form of IN of the DT the steel NN steel blade NN blade in IN in a DT a wood NN wood planer NN planer . SENT . [6-363 |]

[6-364 |] Preikestolen NP [6-365 |]

[6-366 |] many RB many have VHP have regarded VVN regard Preikestolen JJ as IN as a DT a personal JJ personal challenge NN challenge . SENT . [6-367 |] Members NNS member of IN of the DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Gymnastics NNS gymnastics Association NP Association have VHP have done VVN do daring JJ daring handstands NNS handstand on IN on the DT the edge NN edge . SENT . [6-368 |] Several JJ several years NNS year ago RB ago , , , a DT a world NN world famous JJ famous French JJ French artist NN artist balanced VVN balance on IN on a DT a chair NN chair that WDT that rocked VVD rock back RB back and CC and forth RB forth atop IN atop several JJ several water NN water tumblers NNS tumbler placed VVN place at IN at the DT the outer JJ outer edge NN edge of IN of the DT the cliff NN cliff . SENT . [6-369 |] The DT the Stavanger NP Stavanger Symphony NP Symphony has VHZ have given VVN give concerts NNS concert here RB here ; : ; The DT the Preikestol JJ rock NN rock is VBZ be a DT a landmark NN landmark , , , and CC and weddings NNS wedding with IN with clergymen NNS clergyman and CC and bridal JJ bridal veils NNS veil have VHP have been VBN be performed VVN perform . SENT . [6-370 |] A DT a church NN church service NN service is VBZ be held VVN hold at IN at Preikestolen NP each DT each year NN year . SENT . [6-371 |] But CC but the DT the steep JJ steep wall NN wall is VBZ be unsuitable JJ unsuitable for IN for either DT either mountain NN mountain climbing VVG climb or CC or base NN base jumping VVG jump due JJ due to TO to loose JJ loose rock NN rock and CC and capricious JJ capricious air NN air buoyancy NN buoyancy . SENT . [6-372 |] For IN for these DT these activities NNS activity , , , one PP one should MD should instead RB instead try VV try one CD one 's POS 's luck NN luck at IN at Kjerag NP farther RBR farther into IN into the DT the fjord NN fjord . SENT . [6-373 |]

[6-374 |] Round-trip JJ round-trip trail VVP trail [6-375 |] A DT a marked JJ marked trail NN trail leads VVZ lead to TO to the DT the plateau NN plateau above IN above Preikestolen NP itself PP itself . SENT . [6-376 |] Many JJ Many have VHP have come VVN come up RP up here RB here to TO to take VV take photographs NNS photograph . SENT . [6-377 |] The DT the trail NN trail continues VVZ continue across IN across Neverdal NP Mountain NP Mountain and CC and down RB down along IN along the DT the other JJ other Preikestol NN trail NN trail next JJ next to TO to Tjødane NP . SENT . [6-378 |]

[6-379 |] What WP What is VBZ be a DT a fjord NN fjord ? SENT ? [6-380 |]

[6-381 |] The DT the Peneplain NN peneplain and CC and Lysefjord NN [6-382 |] In IN in front NN front of IN of us PP us , , , we PP we see VVP see several JJ several landscapes NNS landscape of IN of different JJ different ages NNS age . SENT . [6-383 |] The DT the mountains NNS mountain on IN on both DT both sides NNS side of IN of Lysefjord NP are VBP be remains NNS remain from IN from an DT an older JJR old landscape NN landscape - : - a DT a peneplain NN peneplain ( ( ( = SYM = semi-plain JJ ) ) ) . SENT . [6-384 |] This DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape was VBD be formed VVN form 600 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago and CC and lay VV lay at IN at that DT that time NN time at IN at sea NN sea level NN level . SENT . [6-385 |] Younger JJR young rock NN rock types NNS type may MD may have VH have been VBN be pushed VVN push across IN across this DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape during IN during the DT the Caledonian JJ Caledonian mountain NN mountain chain NN chain fold VV fold 350 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-386 |] These DT these mountains NNS mountain have VHP have since RB since been VBN be eroded VVN erode away RP away , , , and CC and the DT the plateau NN plateau landscape NN landscape was VBD be renewed VVN renew some DT some 60 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year ago RB ago . SENT . [6-387 |] Since IN since that DT that time NN time , , , movements NNS movement of IN of the DT the earth NN earth 's POS 's crust NN crust have VHP have raised VVN raise this DT this flat JJ flat landscape NN landscape up RP up to TO to its PP$ its level NN level today NN today , , , 7-900 CD @card@ masl NN . SENT . [6-388 |]

[6-389 |] The DT the contrast NN contrast to TO to the DT the deeply RB deeply recessed VVN recess valleys NNS valley and CC and fjords NNS fjord . SENT . [6-390 |] Lysefjord NN as IN as a DT a landscape NN landscape form NN form was VBD be begun VVN begin as IN as a DT a river NN river valley NN valley after IN after the DT the plateau NN plateau landscape NN landscape rose VVD rise . SENT . [6-391 |] Rainwater NP Rainwater , , , streams NNS stream and CC and rivers NNS river began VVD begin to TO to do VV do their PP$ their subversive JJ subversive work NN work . SENT . [6-392 |] The DT the work NN work of IN of the DT the glaciers NNS glacier [6-393 |] Throughout IN throughout the DT the ice NN ice ages NNS age - : - the DT the past JJ past 1-2 CD @card@ million CD million years NNS year - : - the DT the river NN river valley NN valley was VBD be widened VVN widen into IN into today NN today 's POS 's u-shaped JJ U-shaped valley NN valley . SENT . [6-394 |] Glaciers NNS glacier have VHP have the DT the ability NN ability to TO to push VV push outward RB outward to TO to the DT the sides NNS side as IN as well RB well as RB as dig VV dig down RP down deeply RB deeply . SENT . [6-395 |] They PP they force VVP force loose JJ loose blocks NNS block of IN of stone NN stone along IN along the DT the sides NNS side and CC and under IN under the DT the bottom NN bottom of IN of the DT the glacier NN glacier ; : ; they PP they scour VV scour the DT the bedrock NN bedrock flat RB flat and CC and carry VV carry most JJS most of IN of the DT the loose JJ loose material NN material away RB away from IN from its PP$ its original JJ original site NN site . SENT . [6-396 |] Glaciers NNS glacier are VBP be the DT the most RBS most effective JJ effective creator NN creator of IN of landscape NN landscape forms NNS form that WDT that exists VVZ exist . SENT . [6-397 |] They PP they demolish VV demolish , , , transport VV transport and CC and build VV build up RP up new JJ new landscapes NNS landscape along IN along the DT the glacier NN glacier edges NNS edge . SENT . [6-398 |]

[6-399 |] Lysefjord NP is VBZ be a DT a true JJ true fjord NN fjord , , , i.e. FW i.e. it PP it is VBZ be overly RB overly deep JJ deep and CC and has VHZ have a DT a threshold NN threshold outermost JJ outermost in IN in the DT the fjord NN fjord , , , and CC and it PP it is VBZ be filled VVN fill with IN with ocean NN ocean saltwater JJ saltwater . SENT . [6-400 |] The DT the fjord NN fjord is VBZ be deepest JJS deep - : - 457 CD @card@ meters NNS metre - : - at IN at Songesand NP , , , where WRB where the DT the fjord NN fjord changes NNS change direction NN direction . SENT .