Portuguese language
{{Infobox Language
|name=Portuguese
|nativename=Português
|pronunciation=[puɾtu'geʃ] (European), [portu'ges], [portu'geis] or [pohtu'geiʃ] (Brazilian)
|states=[[Angola]], [[Brazil]], [[Cape Verde]], [[East Timor]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Macau|Chinese S.A.R. of Macau]], [[Mozambique]], [[Portugal]], and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]].
|speakers=Native: 177 million (2005)[[[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=por Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International] (14th ed. cited [[http://www.helsinki.fi/romaanisetkielet/lingua_portuguesa.htm here]]). Also 196 million, according to [http://www.sk.com.br/sk-stat.html English and Portuguese Numbers in the World]]
|rank= 6 (native speakers)[
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance language|Romance]]
|fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam5=Western
|fam6=[[Gallo-Iberian languages|Gallo-Iberian]]
|fam7=[[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
|fam8=[[West Iberian languages|West-Iberian]]
|fam9=[[Galician-Portuguese]]
|script=[[Latin alphabet]] ([[Portuguese alphabet|Portuguese variant]])
|nation=[[List of countries where Portuguese is an official language|9 countries]]]
{{flagcountry|African Union}}
{{flagcountry|European Union}}
{{flagcountry|Union of South American Nations}}
{{flagcountry|Mercosur}}
[[Image:LogooasENG.png|22x20px]] [[Organization of American States]]
[[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]
|agency=[[International Portuguese Language Institute]]; [[CPLP]]; [[Academia Brasileira de Letras]] ([[Brazil]])
|iso1=pt|iso2=por|iso3=por}}
'''Portuguese''' ({{Audio|pt-Portugues.ogg|''português''}} or ''língua portuguesa'') is a [[Romance language]] that originated in what is now [[Galicia (Spain)]] and [[Portugal|northern Portugal]] from the [[Latin language|Latin]] spoken by [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]] (namely the [[Gallaeci]], the [[Lusitanians]], the [[Celtici]] and the [[Conii]]) about 2000 years ago. It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal established a [[Portuguese Empire|colonial and commercial empire]] (1415–1999) which spanned from [[Brazil]] in the [[Americas]] to [[Goa]] in [[India]] and [[Macau]] in [[China]], in fact it was used exclusively on the island of [[Sri Lanka]] as the [[lingua franca]] for almost 350 years. During that time, many [[Portuguese Creole|creole languages based on Portuguese]] also appeared around the world, especially in [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and the [[Caribbean]].
Today it is one of the world's major languages, [[List of languages by number of native speakers|ranked 6th]] according to number of native speakers (approximately 177 million[). It is the language with the largest number of speakers in [[South America]], spoken by nearly all of Brazil's population, which amounts to over 51% of the continent's population even though it is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in [[the Americas]]. It is also a major lingua franca in Portugal's former colonial possessions in Africa. It is the official language of ten countries (see the table on the right), also being co-official with [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]] in [[Equatorial Guinea]], with [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] [[Chinese language|Chinese]] in the Chinese special administrative region of [[Macau]], and with [[Tetum]] in [[East Timor]]. There are sizable communities of Portuguese-speakers in various regions of North America, notably in the [[United States]] ([[New Jersey]], [[New England]] and south [[Florida]]) and in [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].
[[Spain|Spanish]] author [[Miguel de Cervantes]] once called Portuguese "the sweet language", while Brazilian writer [[Olavo Bilac]] poetically described it as ''a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela'': "the last flower of [[Latium]], wild and beautiful".
==Geographic distribution==
{{main|Geographic distribution of Portuguese| List of countries where Portuguese is an official language}}
[[Image:Map-Lusophone World-en.png|thumb|250px|Countries and regions where Portuguese has official status.]]
[[Image:CPLPmap.png|thumb|right|250px|Member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.]]
Today, Portuguese is the [[official language]] of [[Angola]], [[Brazil]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Portugal]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] and [[Mozambique]].][[http://www.cplp.org/ CPLP] Official website] It is also one of the official languages of [[Equatorial Guinea]] (with [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]]), the [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Chinese special administrative region]] of [[Macau]] (with [[Chinese language|Chinese]]), and [[East Timor]], (with [[Tetum]]). It is a [[First language|native language]] of most of the population in Portugal (100%), Brazil (99%), Angola (60%), and São Tomé and Príncipe (50%), and it is spoken by a [[plurality]] of the population of Mozambique (40%), though only 6.5% are native speakers. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks [[Cape Verdean Creole]].[See the main article [[Geographic distribution of Portuguese]], for references.]
Small Portuguese-speaking communities subsist in former overseas colonies of Portugal such as Macau, where it is spoken as a first language by 0.6% of the population[{{cite book|title=Global Results of By-Census 2006|year=2007|publisher=Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) of the Macau Government}}] and East Timor.
[[Uruguay]] gave Portuguese an equal status to Spanish in its educational system at the north border with Brazil. In the rest of the country, it's taught as an obligatory subject beginning by the 6th grade. [Uruguay recently adopted Portuguese language in its education system as an obligatory subject http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultnot/lusa/2007/11/05/ult611u75523.jhtm]
It is also spoken by substantial immigrant communities, though not official, in [[Andorra]], [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Jersey]] (with a statistically significant Portuguese-speaking community of approximately 10,000 people), [[Paraguay]], [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Venezuela]] and in the [[U.S.]] states of [[California]], [[Connecticut]],[[http://www.proenglish.org/issues/offeng/languagepercentages.htm Where America's Other Languages Are Spoken]] [[Florida]],[[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/22/news/journal.php Widely spoken but 'minor'? Portuguese seeks respect]] [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]],[Hispanic Reading Room of the U.S. Library of Congress website, [http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/arrivals.html Twentieth-Century Arrivals from Portugal Settle in Newark, New Jersey],] [[New York]][[http://www.nyu.edu/classes/blake.map2001/brazil.html Brazucas (Brazilians living in New York)]] and [[Rhode Island]].[Hispanic Reading Room of the U.S. Library of Congress website, [http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/whaling.html Whaling, Fishing, and Industrial Employment in Southeastern New England]]
In some parts of India, such as [[Goa]][[http://www.colaco.net/1/port.htm Portuguese Language in Goa ]] and [[Daman and Diu]][[http://www.rjmacau.com/english/rjm1996n3/ac-mary/portuguese.html The Portuguese Experience: The Case of Goa, Daman and Diu]] Portuguese is still spoken. There are also significant populations of Portuguese speakers in [[Canada]] (mainly concentrated in and around [[Toronto]])[[http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/portuguese.html Multicultural Canada]] [[Bermuda]][[http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Bermuda World InfoZone: Bermuda]] and [[Netherlands Antilles]].
Portuguese is an official language of several international organizations. The [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]][ (with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the eight independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language. It is also an official language of the [[European Union]],][[http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/languages/index_en.htm EUROPA website] Languages in the EU] [[Mercosul]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[Union of South American Nations]], and the [[African Union]] (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations. The Portuguese language is gaining popularity in Africa, Asia, and South America as a second language for study.
[[Image:Estação da Luz.jpg|thumb|220px|Estação da Luz, home of the [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]], in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]].]]
Portuguese and Spanish are the fastest-growing European languages, and, according to estimates by UNESCO, Portuguese is the language with the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America. The Portuguese-speaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million by 2050. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic market of Mercosul with other South American nations, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, there has been an increase in interest in the study of Portuguese in those South American countries. The demographic weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of the language in the region. Although in the early 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China in 1999, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is becoming a language of opportunity there; mostly because of East Timor's boost in the number of speakers in the last five years but also because of increased Chinese diplomatic and financial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries.
In July 2007, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema announced his government's decision to make Portuguese [[Equatorial Guinea]]'s third official language, in order to meet the requirements to apply for full membership of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]. This upgrading from its current Associate Observer condition would result in Equatorial Guinea being able to access several professional and academic exchange programs and the facilitation of cross-border circulation of citizens. Its application is currently being assessed by other CPLP members.[[http://actualidad.terra.es/internacional/articulo/obiang_comunidad_naciones_1710388.htm "Obiang convierte al portugués en tercer idioma oficial para entrar en la Comunidad lusófona de Naciones"], ''Terra''. 13-07-2007]
In March 1994 the [[Bosque de Portugal]] (Portugal's Woods) was founded in the Brazilian city of [[Curitiba]]. The park houses the Portuguese Language Memorial, which honors the Portuguese immigrants and the countries that adopted the Portuguese language. Originally there were seven nations represented with pillars, but the independence of [[East Timor]] brought yet another pillar for that nation in 2007.
In March 2006, the [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]], an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, the city with the largest number of Portuguese speakers in the world.
==Dialects==
{{main|Portuguese dialects}}
Portuguese is a [[pluricentric language]] with two main groups of [[dialect]]s, those of [[Brazil]] and those of the [[Old World]]. For historical reasons, the dialects of Africa and Asia are generally closer to those of Portugal than the Brazilian dialects, although in some aspects of their phonetics, especially the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, they resemble [[Brazilian Portuguese]] more than [[European Portuguese]]. They have not been studied as widely as European and Brazilian Portuguese.
Audio samples of some dialects of Portuguese are available below.[From [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html Audio samples of the dialects of Portuguese] at the [[Instituto Camões]] website.] There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. For example, the ''caipira'' dialect has some differences from the one of Minas Gerais, but in general it is very close. A good example of Brazilian Portuguese may be found in the capital city, [[Brasília]], because of the generalized population from all parts of the country.
[[Image:Portugueselanguagedialects-Angola.png|thumb|120px|Portuguese dialects of Angola]]
'''[[Angola]]'''
# ''Benguelense'' — [[Benguela]] province.
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som85.html ''Luandense''] — [[Luanda]] province.
# ''Sulista'' — South of Angola.
[[Image:Portugueselanguagedialects-Brazil.png|thumb|170px|Dialects of Portuguese in Brazil]]
'''[[Brazil]]'''
# ''[[Caipira]]'' — States of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] (countryside; the city of São Paulo and the eastern areas of the state have their own dialect, called ''paulistano''); southern [[Minas Gerais]], northern [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Goiás]] and [[Mato Grosso do Sul]].
# ''Cearense'' — [[Ceará]].
# ''Baiano'' — [[Bahia]].
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som90.html ''Fluminense''] — Variants spoken in the states of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Espírito Santo]] (excluding the city of Rio de Janeiro and its adjacent metropolitan areas, which have their own dialect, called ''[[carioca]]'').
# ''[[Gaucho|Gaúcho]]'' — [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. (There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the heavy influx of European immigrants of diverse origins, those which have settled several colonies throughout the state.)
# ''[[Mineiro]]'' — [[Minas Gerais]] (not prevalent in the [[Triângulo Mineiro]], southern and southeastern [[Minas Gerais]]).
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som91.html ''Nordestino''] — [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern states of Brazil]] ([[Pernambuco]] and [[Rio Grande do Norte]] have a particular way of speaking).[Note: the speaker of this sound file is from Rio, and he is talking about his experience with Nordestino and Nortista accents.]
# ''Nortista'' — [[Amazon Basin]] states.
# ''Paulistano'' — Variants spoken around [[São Paulo]] city and the eastern areas of São Paulo state.
# ''Sertanejo'' — States of [[Goiás]] and [[Mato Grosso]] (the city of [[Cuiabá]] has a particular way of speaking).
# ''Sulista'' — Variants spoken in the areas between the northern regions of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and southern regions of São Paulo state. (The cities of [[Curitiba]], [[Florianópolis]], and [[Itapetininga]] have fairly distinct accents as well.)
[[Image:Portugueselanguagedialects-Portugal.png|thumb|120px|Dialects of Portuguese in Portugal]]
'''[[Portugal]]'''
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som69.html ''Açoriano''] (Azorean) — [[Azores]].
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som40.html ''Alentejano''] — [[Alentejo]]
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som44.html ''Algarvio''] — [[Algarve]] (there is a particular dialect in a small part of western Algarve).
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som1.html ''Alto-Minhoto''] — North of [[Braga]] (hinterland).
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som49.html ''Baixo-Beirão''; ''Alto-Alentejano''] — Central Portugal (hinterland).
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som9.html ''Beirão''] — Central Portugal.
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som22.html ''Estremenho''] — Regions of [[Coimbra]] and [[Lisbon]] (the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features not shared with the one of Coimbra).
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som60.html ''Madeirense''] (Madeiran) — [[Madeira]].
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som14.html ''Nortenho''] — Regions of Braga and [[Porto]].
# [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som6.html ''Transmontano''] — [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro]].
Other countries
* '''[[Cape Verde]]''' — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som87.html ''Português cabo-verdiano''] ([[Cape Verdean Portuguese]])
* '''[[Daman and Diu]]''', India — ''Damaense''.
* '''[[East Timor]]''' — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som84.html ''Timorense''] ([[East Timorese Portuguese|East Timorese]])
* '''[[Goa]]''', India — ''Goês''.
* '''[[Guinea-Bissau]]''' — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som88.html ''Guineense''] ([[Guinean Portuguese]]).
* '''[[Macau]]''', China — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som92.html ''Macaense''] ([[Macanese Portuguese|Macanese]])
* '''[[Mozambique]]''' — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som89.html ''Moçambicano''] ([[Mozambican Portuguese|Mozambican]])
* '''[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]''' — [[Image:Loudspeaker.png]] [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/som83.html ''Santomense'']
* '''[[Uruguay]]''' — [[Riverense Portuñol language|''Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay (DPU)'']].
Differences between dialects are mostly of [[accent (linguistics)|accent]] and [[vocabulary]], but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most coloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The [[Portuguese creole|Portuguese-based creole]]s spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages which should not be confused with Portuguese itself.
==History==
{{main|Iberian Romance languages|Galician-Portuguese|History of Portuguese}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2006}}
Arriving in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, the Romans brought with them the [[Latin language]], from which all Romance languages descend. The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations.
{| align="right" border="0" style="margin: 40px;"
! align="left" | Medieval
Portuguese poetry
|-
|Das que vejo
|-
|nom desejo
|-
|outra senhor se vós nom,
|-
|e desejo
|-
|tam sobejo,
|-
|mataria um leon,
|-
|senhor do meu coraçom:
|-
|fim roseta,
|-
|bela sobre toda fror,
|-
|fim roseta,
|-
|nom me meta
|-
|em tal coita voss'amor!
|-
|João de Lobeira
(c. 1270–1330)
|}
Between AD 409 and 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples ([[Migration Period]]). The occupiers, mainly [[Suebi]] and [[Visigoths]], quickly adopted late Roman culture and the [[Vulgar Latin]] dialects of the peninsula. After the [[Moors|Moorish]] invasion of 711, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] became the administrative language in the conquered regions, but most of the population continued to speak a form of [[Romance languages|Romance]] commonly known as [[Mozarabic]]. The influence exerted by Arabic on the Romance dialects spoken in the Christian kingdoms of the north was small, affecting mainly their lexicon.
The earliest surviving records of a distinctively Portuguese language are administrative documents of the 9th century, still interspersed with many Latin phrases. Today this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese (between the 9th and the 12th centuries). In the first period of Old Portuguese — [[Galician-Portuguese]] Period (from the 12th to the 14th century) — the language gradually came into general use. For some time, it was the language of preference for [[lyric poetry]] in Christian Hispania, much like [[Occitan]] was the language of the [[Occitan literature#Poetry_of_the_troubadours|poetry of the troubadours]]. Portugal was formally recognized as an independent kingdom by the [[Kingdom of Leon]] in 1143, with [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]] as king. In 1290, king [[Denis of Portugal|Dinis]] created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the ''Estudos Gerais'', later moved to [[Coimbra]]) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "common language" should be known as the Portuguese language and used officially.
In the second period of Old Portuguese, from the 14th to the 16th century, with the [[Age of discovery|Portuguese discoveries]], the language was taken to many regions of [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]] (nowadays, the great majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, in South America). By the 16th century it had become a ''[[lingua franca]]'' in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people, and by its association with [[Roman Catholic]] [[missionary]] efforts, which led to the formation of a [[creole language]] called [[Kristang language|Kristang]] in many parts of Asia (from the word ''cristão'', "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]] preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal.
The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the ''Cancioneiro Geral'' by [[Garcia de Resende]], in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans from the 16th century to present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek since the Renaissance, which greatly enriched the lexicon.
===Characterization===
A distinctive feature of Portuguese is that it preserved the stressed vowels of [[Vulgar Latin]], which became diphthongs in other Romance languages; cf. Fr. ''pierre'', Sp. ''piedra'', It. ''pietra'', Port. ''pedra'', from Lat. ''petra''; or Sp. ''fuego'', It. ''fuoco'', Port. ''fogo'', from Lat. ''focum''. Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of [[:wiktionary:intervocalic|intervocalic]] ''l'' and ''n'', sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an [[epenthesis|epenthetic vowel]] between them: cf. Lat. ''salire'', ''tenere'', ''catena'', Sp. ''salir'', ''tener'', ''cadena'', Port. ''sair'', ''ter'', ''cadeia''.
When the [[elision|elided]] consonant was ''n'', it often [[nasalization|nasalized]] the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. ''manum'', ''rana'', ''bonum'', Port. ''mão'', ''rãa'', ''bõo'' (now ''mão'', ''rã'', ''bom''). This process was the source of most of the nasal diphthongs which are typical of Portuguese. In particular, the Latin endings ''-anem'', ''-anum'' and ''-onem'' became ''-ão'' in most cases, cf. Lat. ''canem'', ''germanum'', ''rationem'' with Modern Port. ''cão'', ''irmão'', ''razão'', and their plurals ''-anes'', ''-anos'', ''-ones'' normally became ''-ães'', ''-ãos'', ''-ões'', cf. ''cães'', ''irmãos'', ''razões''.
===Movement to make Portuguese an official language of the UN===
There is a growing number of people in the Portuguese speaking media and the internet who are presenting the case to the CPLP and other organizations to run a debate in the [[Lusophone]] community with the purpose of bringing forward a petition to make Portuguese an official language of the United Nations.
In October 2005, during the international Convention of the [http://www.elosinternacional.com.br/index.htm Elos Club International ] that took place in Tavira, Portugal [[http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071 ONU: Petição para tornar português língua oficial]] a petition was written and unanimously approved whose text can be found on the internet with the title ''Petição Para Tornar Oficial o Idioma Português na ONU''.
Romulo Alexandre Soares, president of the Brazil-Portugal Chamber highlights that the positioning of Brazil in the international arena as one of the emergent powers of the 21 century, the size of its population, and the presence of the language around the world provides legitimacy and justifies a petition to the UN to make the Portuguese an official language at the UN.[[http://www.brasilportugal.org.br/ce/content.php?ctg=noticias&sec=438 Português pode ser língua oficial na ONU]]
==Vocabulary==
{{main|Portuguese vocabulary}}
Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived from Latin. Nevertheless, because of the [[Moors|Moorish]] occupation of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the Middle Ages, and the participation of Portugal in the [[Age of Discovery]], it has adopted loanwords from all over the world.
Very few Portuguese words can be traced to the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal]], which included the [[Gallaeci]], [[Lusitanians]], [[Celtici]] and [[Cynetes]]. The [[Phoenicians]] and [[Carthaginians]], briefly present, also left some scarce traces. Some notable examples are ''abóbora'' "pumpkin" and ''bezerro'' "year-old calf", from the nearby [[Celtiberian language]] (probably through the Celtici); ''cerveja'' "beer", from [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]; ''saco'' "bag", from [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]; and ''cachorro'' "dog, puppy", from [[Basque language|Basque]].
In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Hispania]]) was conquered by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Suevi]] and [[Visigoths]]. As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed only a few words to the lexicon, mostly related to warfare — such as ''espora'' "spur", ''estaca'' "stake", and ''guerra'' "war", from [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''*spaúra'', ''*stakka'', and ''*wirro'', respectively.
Between the 9th and 15th centuries Portuguese acquired about 1000 words from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] by influence of [[al-Andalus|Moorish Iberia]]. They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article ''a''(''l'')''-'', and include many common words such as ''aldeia'' "village" from الضيعة ''aldaya'', ''alface'' "lettuce" from الخس ''alkhass'', ''armazém'' "warehouse" from المخزن ''almahazan'', and ''azeite'' "olive oil" from زيت ''azzait''. From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word [[Insha'Allah|''oxalá'']] "hopefully". The Mozambican currency name [[Mozambican Metical|''metical'']] was derived from the word مطقال ''miṭqāl'', a unit of weight. The word Mozambique itself is from the Arabic name of sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki). The name of the Portuguese town of [[Fátima, Portugal|Fátima]] comes from the name of one of the daughters of the prophet [[Muhammad]].
Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from [[Asia]]n languages. For instance, ''catana'' "cutlass" from Japanese ''katana''; ''corja'' "rabble" from Malay ''kórchchu''; and ''chá'' "tea" from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''[[Tea#The word tea|''chá'']]''.
From South America came ''batata'' "[[potato]]", from [[Taino]]; ''ananás'' and ''abacaxi'', from [[Tupi-Guarani]] ''naná'' and [[Tupi language|Tupi]] ''ibá cati'', respectively (two species of [[pineapple]]), and ''tucano'' "[[toucan]]" from [[Guarani language|Guarani]] ''tucan''. See [[List of Brazil state name etymologies]], for some more examples.
From the 16th to the 19th century, the role of Portugal as intermediary in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], with the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese got several words of African and [[indigenous peoples of Brazil|Amerind]] origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From [[Kimbundu language|Kimbundu]], for example, came ''kifumate'' → ''cafuné'' "head caress", ''kusula'' → ''caçula'' "youngest child", ''marimbondo'' "tropical wasp", and ''kubungula'' → ''bungular'' "to dance like a wizard".
Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages. For example, ''melena'' "hair lock", ''fiambre'' "wet-cured ham" (in contrast with ''presunto'' "dry-cured ham" from Latin ''prae-exsuctus'' "dehydrated"), and ''castelhano'' "Castilian", from Spanish; ''colchete''/''crochê'' "bracket"/"crochet", ''paletó'' "jacket", ''batom'' "lipstick", and ''filé''/''filete'' "steak"/"slice" respectively, from French ''crochet'', ''paletot'', ''bâton'', ''filet''; ''macarrão'' "pasta", ''piloto'' "pilot", ''carroça'' "carriage", and ''barraca'' "barrack", from Italian ''maccherone'', ''pilota'', ''carrozza'', ''baracca''; and ''bife'' "steak", ''futebol'', ''revólver'', ''estoque'', ''folclore'', from English ''beef'', ''football'', ''revolver'', ''stock'', ''folklore''.
==Classification and related languages==
Portuguese belongs to the [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] branch of the [[Romance language]]s, and it has special ties with the following members of this group:
* [[Galician language|Galician]] and the [[Fala language|Fala]], its closest relatives. See below.
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]], the major language closest to Portuguese. (See also [[Differences between Spanish and Portuguese]].)
* [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], another West Iberian language spoken in Portugal.
* [[Judeo-Portuguese]] and [[Ladino language|Judeo-Spanish]], languages spoken by [[Sephardic Jew]]s, which remained close to Portuguese and Spanish.
Despite the obvious lexical and grammatical similarities between Portuguese and other Romance languages, it is not [[mutually intelligible]] with most of them. Apart from Galician, Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary, before attaining a reasonable level of comprehension of those languages, and vice-versa.
===Galician and the Fala===
The closest language to Portuguese is Galician, spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia (northwestern Spain). The two were at one time a single language, known today as [[Galician-Portuguese]], but since the political separation of Portugal from Galicia they have diverged somewhat, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary. Nevertheless, the core vocabulary and grammar of Galician are still noticeably closer to Portuguese than to Spanish. In particular, like Portuguese, it uses the future subjunctive, the personal infinitive, and the synthetic pluperfect (see the section on the grammar of Portuguese, below). Mutual intelligibility (estimated at 85% by R. A. Hall, Jr., 1989)[[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glg Ethnologue]] is good between Galicians and northern Portuguese, but poorer between Galicians and speakers from central Portugal.
The Fala language is another descendant of Galician-Portuguese, spoken by a small number of people in the Spanish towns of Valverdi du Fresnu, As Ellas and Sa Martín de Trebellu (autonomous community of [[Extremadura]], near the border with Portugal).
===Influence on other languages===
Many languages have [[loanword|borrowed words]] from Portuguese, such as [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]], [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Sri Lanka Tamils (native)|Tamil]] and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] (see [[Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese language|Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese]]), [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English (language)|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tetum language|Tetum]], [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]], [[Papiamentu]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Barbadian|Bajan Creole]] (Spoken in Barbados), [[Lanc-Patuá]] (spoken in northern Brazil) and [[Sranan Tongo]] (spoken in Suriname). It left a strong influence on the ''[[Old Tupi|língua brasílica]]'', a [[Tupi-Guarani|Tupi-Guarani language]] which was the most widely spoken in [[Brazil]] until the 18th century, and on the language spoken around [[Sikka]] in [[Flores|Flores Island]], [[Indonesia]]. In nearby [[Larantuka]], Portuguese is used for prayers in [[Holy Week]] rituals.
The Japanese-Portuguese dictionary ''[[Nippo Jisho]]'' (1603) was the first dictionary of Japanese in a European language, a product of [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary activity in [[Japan]]. Building on the work of earlier Portuguese missionaries, the ''Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum'' (Annamite-Portuguese-Latin dictionary) of [[Alexandre de Rhodes]] (1651) introduced the modern [[Vietnamese alphabet|orthography of Vietnamese]], which is based on the orthography of 17th-century Portuguese. The [[Romanization]] of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] was also influenced by the Portuguese language (among others), particularly regarding [[List of common Chinese surnames|Chinese surnames]]; one example is ''Mei''.
See also [[List of English words of Portuguese origin]], [[Loan words in Indonesian]], [[Japanese words of Portuguese origin]], [[Malay_language#Borrowed_words|Borrowed words in Malay]], [[Sinhala words of Portuguese origin]], [[Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil#Portuguese|Loan words from Portuguese in Sri Lankan Tamil]].
===Derived languages===
{{main|Portuguese Creole}}
Beginning in the 16th century, the extensive contacts between Portuguese travelers and settlers, African slaves, and local populations led to the appearance of many [[pidgin]]s with varying amounts of Portuguese influence. As these pidgins became the mother tongue of succeeding generations, they evolved into fully fledged [[creole language]]s, which remained in use in many parts of Asia and Africa until the 18th century. Some Portuguese-based or Portuguese-influenced creoles are still spoken today, by over 3 million people worldwide, especially people of partial [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ancestry.
== Phonology ==
{{main|Portuguese phonology}}
There is a maximum of 9 oral vowels and 19 consonants, though some varieties of the language have fewer phonemes (Brazilian Portuguese has only 8 oral vowel [[phone]]s). There are also five nasal vowels, which some linguists regard as allophones of the oral vowels, ten oral [[diphthong]]s, and five nasal diphthongs.[''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' pg. 126-130; the reference applies to the entire section]
===Vowels===
[[Image:Portuguese vowel chart.png|frame|right|Chart of monophthongs of the Portuguese of Lisbon]]
To the seven vowels of [[Vulgar Latin]], European Portuguese has added two [[Mid-centralized vowel|near central vowels]], one of which tends to be [[elision|elided]] in [[relaxed pronunciation|rapid speech]], like the ''e caduc'' of [[French language|French]] (represented either as {{IPA|/ɯ̽/}}, or {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, or {{IPA|/ə/}}). The high vowels {{IPA|/e o/}} and the low vowels {{IPA|/ɛ ɔ/}} are four distinct phonemes, and they alternate in various forms of [[apophony]]. Like [[Catalan language|Catalan]], Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables: isolated vowels tend to be [[Vowel#Height|raised]], and in some cases centralized, when unstressed. Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words.
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes of Portuguese
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio]]-[[labiodental|dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post]]-[[Postalveolar|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Uvular]]
|- align=center
|[[Plosive]]s
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|t̪}}
| {{IPA|d̪}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|g}}
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Fricative]]s
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|v}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʁ}}
|- align=center
|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]s
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʎ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align=center
|[[Flap consonant|Flaps]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative. The medieval affricates {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}} merged with the fricatives {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, respectively, but not with each other, and there were no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since then. However, some remarkable dialectal variants and [[allophone]]s have appeared, among which:
*In many regions of Brazil, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} have the affricate allophones {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, respectively, before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/ĩ/}}. ([[Quebec French]] has a similar phenomenon, with alveolar affricates instead of postalveolars. [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is another example).
*At the end of a syllable, the phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} has the allophone {{IPA|[u̯]}} in Brazilian Portuguese (''[[L-vocalization#L-vocalization|L-vocalization]]'').
*In many parts of Brazil and Angola, intervocalic {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is pronounced as a [[nasalization|nasalized]] [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA|[j̃]}} which nasalizes the preceding vowel, so that for instance {{IPA|/ˈniɲu/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈnĩj̃u]}}.
*In most of Brazil, the alveolar sibilants {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} occur in complementary distribution at the end of syllables, depending on whether the consonant that follows is voiceless or voiced, as in English. But in most of Portugal and parts of Brazil sibilants are postalveolar at the end of syllables, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before voiceless consonants, and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} before voiced consonants (in [[Ladino language|Judeo-Spanish]], {{IPA|/s/}} is often replaced with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} at the end of syllables, too).
*There is considerable dialectal variation in the value of the [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]] phoneme {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See [[Guttural R#Portuguese|Guttural R in Portuguese]], for details.
==Grammar==
{{main|Portuguese grammar}}
A particularly interesting aspect of the grammar of Portuguese is the verb. Morphologically, more verbal inflections from classical Latin have been preserved by Portuguese than any other major Romance language. See [[Romance copula#Morphological comparison|Romance copula]], for a detailed comparison. It has also some innovations not found in other Romance languages (except Galician and the Fala):
* The [[present perfect tense]] has an iterative sense unique among the Romance languages. It denotes an action or a series of actions which began in the past and are expected to keep repeating in the future. For instance, the sentence ''Tenho tentado falar com ela'' would be translated to "I have been trying to talk to her", not "I have tried to talk to her". On the other hand, the correct translation of the question "Have you heard the latest news?" is not ''*Tem ouvido a última notícia?'', but ''Ouviu a última notícia?'', since no repetition is implied.[Squartini, Mario (1998) ''Verbal Periphrases in Romance — Aspect, Actionality, and Grammaticalization'' ISBN 3-11-016160-5]
* The future [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] tense, which was developed by medieval [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian Romance]], but has now fallen into disuse in Spanish, is still used in [[vernacular]] Portuguese. It appears in dependent clauses that denote a condition which must be fulfilled in the future, so that the independent clause will occur. Other languages normally employ the present tense under the same circumstances:
:''Se ''for'' eleito presidente, mudarei a lei.''
:If ''I am'' elected president, I will change the law.
:''Quando ''fores'' mais velho, vais entender.''
:When ''you are'' older, you will understand.
* The personal [[infinitive]]: infinitives can [[inflection|inflect]] according to their subject in [[Grammatical person|person]] and [[Grammatical number|number]], often showing who is expected to perform a certain action; cf. ''É melhor voltares'' "It is better [for you] to go back," ''É melhor voltarmos'' "It is better [for us] to go back." Perhaps for this reason, infinitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese than in other Romance languages.
==Writing system==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align="right"
|+'''Written varieties'''
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Portugal/Africa/Asia
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Brazil
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | translation
|-
|an'''ó'''nimo
|an'''ô'''nimo
|anonymous
|-
|fa'''c'''to
|fato
|fact
|-
|id'''e'''ia
|id'''é'''ia
|idea
|-
|dire'''c'''ção
|direção
|direction
|-
|ó'''p'''timo
|ótimo
|great
|-
|freq'''u'''ente
|freq'''ü'''ente
|frequent
|-
|v'''o'''o
|v'''ô'''o
|flight
|}
{{main|Portuguese alphabet|Portuguese orthography}}
Portuguese is written with the [[Latin alphabet]], making use of five [[diacritic]]s to denote stress, vowel height, contraction, nasalization, and other sound changes (acute accent, grave accent, circumflex accent, tilde, and cedilla). [[Brazilian Portuguese]] also uses the diaeresis mark. Accented characters and digraphs are not counted as separate letters for [[collation]] purposes.
===Brazilian vs. European spelling===
{{main|Spelling reforms of Portuguese}}
There are some minor differences between the orthographies of Brazil and other Portuguese language countries. One of the most pervasive is the use of acute accents in the European/African/Asian orthography in many words such as ''sinónimo'', where the Brazilian orthography has a circumflex accent, ''sinônimo''. Another important difference is that Brazilian spelling often lacks ''c'' or ''p'' before ''c'', ''ç'', or ''t'', where the European orthography has them; for example, cf. Brazilian ''fato'' with European ''facto'', "fact", or Brazilian ''objeto'' with European ''objecto'', "object". Some of these spelling differences reflect differences in the pronunciation of the words, but others are merely graphic.
==Examples==
;Excerpt from the Portuguese [[national epic]] ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'', by author [[Luís de Camões]] (I, 33)
{| class=wikitable
|-
!|Original
!|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] (European Portuguese)
!|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] (Brazilian Portuguese)
!|Translation
|-e&771
|Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela,
|{{IPA|suʃtẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈeɫɨ ˈvɛnuʒ ˈbɛɫɐ}}
||{{IPA|sustẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈeli ˈvẽnuz ˈbɛlɐ}}
|Against him spoke the lovely Venus
|-
|Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana,
|{{IPA|ɐfɐi̯swˈada ˈʒẽtɨ ɫuziˈtɐnɐ}}
|{{IPA|afei̯soˈada ˈʒẽtʃi luziˈtɐ̃nɐ}}
|Favoring the people of Portugal,
|-
|Por quantas qualidades via nela
|{{IPA|puɾ ˈkwɐ̃tɐʃ kwɐɫiˈdadɨʒ ˈviɐ ˈnɛɫɐ}}
|{{IPA|poɾ ˈkwɐ̃tɐs kwaliˈdadʒiz ˈviɐ ˈnɛlɐ}}
|For her love of Roman virtue
|-
|Da antiga tão amada sua Romana;
|{{IPA|dãˈtigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ ɐˈmadɐ ˈsuɐ ʁuˈmɐnɐ}}
|{{IPA|dãˈtʃigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ aˈmadɐ ˈsuɐ xõˈmɐ̃nɐ}}
|She saw resurrected in them;
|-
|Nos fortes corações,
na grande estrela,
|{{IPA|nuʃ ˈfɔɾtɨʃ kuɾɐˈsõĩ ̯ʒ
nɐ ˈgɾɐ̃dɨʃˈtɾeɫɐ}}
|{{IPA|nus ˈfɔɾtʃis koɾaˈsõĩ ̯z
na ˈgɾɐ̃dʒj esˈtɾelɐ}}
|In their stout hearts, in the star
|-
|Que mostraram na terra Tingitana,
|{{IPA|kɨ muʃˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ nɐ ˈtɛʁɐ tĩʒiˈtɐnɐ}}
|{{IPA|ki mosˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ na ˈtɛxɐ tʃĩʒiˈtɐ̃nɐ}}
|Which shone bright above Ceuta,
|-
|E na língua, na qual quando imagina,
|{{IPA|i nɐ ˈɫĩgwɐ nɐ kwaɫ ˈkwɐ̃dw imɐˈʒinɐ}}
|{{IPA|i na ˈlĩgwɐ na kwau̯ ˈkwɐ̃dw imaˈʒĩnɐ}}
|In the language which an inventive mind
|-
|Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina.
|{{IPA|kõ ˈpokɐ kuʁupˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe kjɛ ɐ ɫɐˈtinɐ}}
|{{IPA|kõ ˈpou̯kɐ koxupiˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe kjɛ a laˈtʃĩnɐ}}
|Could mistake for Latin, passably declined.[White, Landeg. (1997). ''The Lusiads — English translation''. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280151-1]
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode"
|-
==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|Flag of Portugal.svg}}
{{portal|Brazil|Flag of Brazil.svg}}
*[[Brazilian literature]]
*[[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP)
*[[Instituto Camões]]
*[[International Portuguese Language Institute]]
*[[List of Brazilian poets]]
*[[List of countries where Portuguese is an official language]]
*[[List of Portuguese language poets]]
*[[Lusophone]]
*[[Museum of the Portuguese Language]]
*[[Portuguese-based creole languages]]
*[[Portuguese in the United States]]
*[[Portuguese literature]]
*[[Portuguese Poetry]]
*[[Portuñol]]
*[[Spelling reforms of Portuguese]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
===General===
* ''A Língua Portuguesa'' in [http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil]
===Literature===
* ''Poesia e Prosa Medievais'', by Maria Ema Tarracha Ferreira, Ulisseia 1998, 3rd ed., ISBN 978-972-568-124-4.
* ''Bases Temáticas - Língua Portuguesa'' in [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/bases/lingua.htm Instituto Camões]
* ''Portuguese Literature'' in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12307a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia]
===Phonology, orthography and grammar===
* [[International Phonetic Association]] (1999) ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' ISBN 0-521-63751-1
* Mateus, Maria Helena & d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000) ''The Phonology of Portuguese'' ISBN 0-19-823581-X [http://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC&pg=PP1&ots=qYJ80vag4U&dq=Phonology+of+Portuguese&hl=pt-BR&sig=6ZYy5zVrjHgGIbS8FeqxHuXf--Q#PPA1,M1 (Excerpt available at Google Books)]
* Bergström, Magnus & Reis, Neves ''Prontuário Ortográfico'' Editorial Notícias, 2004.
* [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/cpp2/index.html A pronúncia do português europeu - European Portuguese Pronunciation]
* [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/mapa02.html Dialects of Portuguese at the Instituto Camões]
* [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html Audio samples of the dialects of Portugal]
* [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html Audio samples of the dialects from outside Europe]
===Reference dictionaries===
*[[Antônio Houaiss]] (2000), ''[[Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa]]'' (228,500 entries).
*[[Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira]], ''[[Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa]]'' (1809pp)
===Linguistic studies===
* Lindley Cintra, Luís F. [http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf ''Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses''] (PDF) Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos, 1971.
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=pt}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=pt}}
{{Wikibooks|Portuguese}}
{{Incubator|code=pt-br}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/portuguese/ Learn Portuguese] ''[[BBC]]''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/portuguese/talk/languagenotes.shtml Portuguese Language Notes] ''[[BBC]]''
* [http://www.aulp.org/ AULP - Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa] Portuguese Language Universities Association.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s113139.htm Portuguese in East Timor] an interview with Dr. Geoffrey Hull.
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[[Category:Portuguese language|*]]
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[[af:Portugees]]
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[[ru:Португальский язык]]
[[se:Portugálagiella]]
[[sco:Portuguese leid]]
[[sq:Gjuha portugeze]]
[[scn:Lingua portughisa]]
[[simple:Portuguese language]]
[[sk:Portugalčina]]
[[sl:Portugalščina]]
[[sr:Португалски језик]]
[[sh:Portugalski jezik]]
[[fi:Portugalin kieli]]
[[sv:Portugisiska]]
[[tl:Wikang Portuges]]
[[ta:போர்த்துக்கீச மொழி]]
[[th:ภาษาโปรตุเกส]]
[[vi:Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha]]
[[tg:Забони португалӣ]]
[[tr:Portekizce]]
[[uk:Португальська мова]]
[[vec:Łéngoa portoghexe]]
[[yi:פארטוגעזיש]]
[[bat-smg:Portugalu kalba]]
[[zh:葡萄牙語]]